When the Holy Temple stood in Jerusalem, each Jew contributed an annual half-shekel to the Temple.
The funds raised were primarily used to purchase cattle for the communal sacrifices. The leftover monies were used for a variety of communal purposes, including providing salaries for the judges and maintenance of the Temple, its vessels, and the city walls.
This annual tax, known as the machatzit hashekel, was due on the 1st of Nissan. One month earlier, on the 1st of Adar, the courts began posting reminders about this Biblical obligation. In commemoration, the Shekalim is the first of four readings added during or immediately before the month of AdarTorah reading of the Shabbat that falls on or before Adar is supplemented with the verses (Exodus 30:11-16) that relate G‑d's commandment to Moses regarding the first giving of the half-shekel.
The Shekalim haftarah (II Kings 11:17-12:17) continues on the same theme, discussing the efforts of King Jehoash (9th century BCE) to earmark communal funds for the upkeep of the first Holy Temple.
(We too give a commemorative half shekel to charity—on the Fast of Esther.)
"Parshat Shekalim" is the first of four special readings added during or immediately before the month of Adar (the other three being Zachor, Parah and Hachodesh).
The Shekalim reading is also related to the upcoming holiday of Purim. According to the Talmud, Haman's decree was averted in merit of the mitzvah of machatzit hashekel.
Haftara
II Kings 11:17-12:17.
The Parshat ShekalimTorah reading discusses the annual obligation for every Jew to give half a shekel to the Temple coffers. The haftorah discusses the efforts of King Jehoash (9th century BCE) to earmark these communal funds for the upkeep of the first Holy Temple.
Background for this haftarah: Because of an alliance with the Northern Kingdom of Israel, idol worship had become rampant in the erstwhile righteous Davidic dynasty-controlled Southern Kingdom. When the king of the Southern Kingdom, Ahaziah, was killed, his mother Athaliah murdered the remainder of the royal family and seized the throne. During her brief reign, she actively promoted idolatry. Unbeknownst to her, one of Ahaziah's sons, a small baby, was hidden and survived. When he became seven years of age, Jehoiada the High Priest led a successful revolt against Athaliah, and installed the child king, Jehoash, as the new King of Judea.
The haftarah begins with the new king renewing the people's covenant with G-d. They destroyed all the pagan altars and statues and appointed officers to oversee the Holy Temple. Jehoash then instructed the priests regarding all the funds that were donated to the Temple. According to his plan, all the funds would be appropriated by the priests. In return, the priests would pay for the regular maintenance of the Temple. In the 23rd year of Jehoash's reign, the priests neglected to properly maintain the Temple. Jehoash then ordered that all monies should be placed in a special box that was placed near the Temple altar, and these funds were given directly to the workers and craftsmen who maintained the Temple
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Q & A on Parashat Vayakhel
All references are to the verses and Rashi's commentary, unless otherwise stated.
On which day did Moshe assemble the Jewish People? 35:1 – The day after Yom Kippur.
Why is the prohibition against doing work on Shabbat written prior to the instruction for building the Mishkan? 35:2 – To emphasize that the building of the Mishkan does not supersede the laws of Shabbat.
Why does the Torah specify the particular prohibition of lighting a fire on Shabbat right after it had already noted the general prohibition of doing work on Shabbat? 35:3 – There are two opinions: One opinion is to teach that igniting a fire on Shabbat is punishable by lashes as opposed to other "melachot" which are punishable by death. The other opinion is to teach that violation of numerous "melachot" at one time requires a separate atonement for each violation.
What function did the "yitdot hamishkan" serve? 35:18 – The edges of the curtains were fastened to them. These were inserted in the ground so the curtains would not move in the wind.
What function did the "bigdei hasrad" serve? 35:19 – They covered the aron, the shulchan, the menorah, and the mizbachot when they were packed for transport.
What was unusual about the way the women spun the goat's hair? 35:26 – It was spun directly from off the backs of the goats.
Why were the Nesi'im last to contribute to the building of the Mishkan? How does the Torah show dissatisfaction with their actions? 35:27 – The Nesi'im reasoned that they would first let the people contribute materials needed for the Mishkan and then they would contribute what was lacking. The Torah shows its dissatisfaction by deleting a letter from their title.
Who does the Torah identify as the primary builders of the Mishkan? From which tribes were they? 35:30, 35:34 – Betzalel ben Uri from the tribe of Yehuda; Oholiav ben Achisamach from the tribe of Dan.
What time of day did the people bring their daily contributions for the construction of the Mishkan? 36:3 – Morning.
For what was the woven goat's hair used? 36:14 – It was made into curtains to be draped over the Mishkan
What image was woven into the parochet? 36:35 – Cherubim. (See Rashi 26:31)
Why does the Torah attribute the building of the aron to Betzalel? 37:1 – Because he dedicated himself to its building more than anyone else.
Where were the sculptured kruvim located? 37:7 – On the two extremities of the kaporet (cover of the aron).
How many lamps did the Menorah have? 37:23 – Seven.
Of what materials was the mizbe'ach haketoret composed? 37:25,26 – Wood overlaid with gold.
Of what material was the mizbe'ach ha'olah composed? 38:1-2 – Wood overlaid with copper.
The kiyor was made from copper mirrors. What function did these mirrors serve in Egypt? 38:8 – These mirrors aided in the proliferation of the Jewish People. The Jewish women in Egypt would look in the mirrors so as to awaken the affections of their husbands who were exhausted by their slave labor.
How did the kiyor promote peace? 38:8 – Its waters helped a woman accused of adultery to prove her innocence.
The kiyor was made from the mirrors of the women who were crowding at the entrance to the Ohel Mo'ed. Why were the women crowding there? 38:8 – To donate to the Mishkan.
Of what material were the "yitdot hamishkan" constructed? 38:20 – Copper.
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Q & A on Parashat Ki Tisa
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
How many "geira" are in a shekel? 30:13 – Twenty.
What was the minimum age of military service in the Jewish army? 30:14 – Twenty.
What were the three different types of terumah donated? 30:15 – For the adanim (sockets), for the purchase of communal sacrifices, and for the building of the Mishkan.
The Jews were counted after Yom Kippur and again after Pesach. Both times they numbered the same amount. How can this be? Didn't some 19-year olds turn 20 during that six month period? 30:16 – Their ages were calculated based on Rosh Hashana, not based on their individual birthdays.
How many ingredients comprise the incense of the Mishkan? 30:34 – Eleven ingredients were used making the incense.
According to Rashi, why are sailors called "malachim?" 30:35 – Because they stir (malach) the water with their oars.
What is the difference between chochma (wisdom), bina (understanding), and da'at (knowledge)? 31:3 – Chochma is knowledge acquired from others. Bina is the deduction of new knowledge from what one has already learned. Da'atis holy inspiration.
Shabbat is a "sign." What does it signify? 31:13 – It is a sign between G-d and the Jewish People that He has chosen them and a sign to the nations of the world that He has sanctified the Jewish People.
When did the Jewish People begin to give contributions for the building of the Mishkan? 31:18 – The 11th of Tishrei.
How many books are there in Tanach? 31:18 – 24.
From where did the men take the earrings that they donated to make the calf? 32:2,3 – From their ears.
Why did Aharon build the altar for the golden calf by himself? 32:5 – He hoped that by building it by himself it would take longer and in the interim Moshe would return.
Why did Moshe break the Tablets? 32:19 – Moshe reasoned: If the Torah forbids those who have estranged themselves from the Torah to partake in even a single commandment (Pesach sacrifice), surely the entire Torah cannot be given to a whole nation which has estranged itself from G-d!
How can two brothers belong to two different tribes? 32:27 – Half-brothers, sharing the same mother.
Why did Moshe ask that his name be erased from the Torah? 32:32 – So people shouldn't say "Moshe was unworthy to plead for mercy on behalf of the Jewish people."
How has the sin of the golden calf affected the Jewish People throughout history? 32:34 – Whenever G-d punishes the Jewish People, part of that punishment comes as payment for the sin of the golden calf.
In verse 33:2, G-d says that the inhabitants of Eretz Canaan would be driven out of the Land. In that verse, only six of the seven Canaanite nations are mentioned. What happened to the seventh? 33:2 – The seventh nation, the Girgashites, voluntarily emigrated.
How did G-d show that He forgave the Jewish People? 33:14 – He agreed to let His Shechina dwell among them.
How did Moshe become wealthy? 34:1 – Moshe carved the Tablets out of precious stone. G-d commanded Moshe to keep the leftover fragments.
How do the light rays shining from Moshe's face show us the powerful effect of sin? 34:35 – Before the sin of the golden calf, the people would not have been afraid to look at the light rays, but after the sin they were afraid.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
שאלה: האם מותר להזמין "שמרטף" (בייבי סיטר) בכדי לשמור על הילדים ביום השבת, ולשלם לה עבור כך מערב שבת או במוצאי שבת, או שיש בכך איסור?
תשובה:בגמרא במסכת בבא מציעא (נח.) מבואר, שגזרו רבותינו שלא לשלם בשבת שכר לפועל, מפני שתשלום השכר על דבר שנעשה בשבת, דומה לעניני מקח וממכר האסור בשבת.
השוכר פועל לשמור לו תינוק ובתוספתא אמרו, "השוכר את הפועל לשמור לו פרה, לשמור את התינוק, אין נותנין לו שכר שבת". וכן פסקו הרי"ף והרמב"ם והרא"ש, וכן פסקו הטור ומרן השלחן ערוך (סימן שו סעיף ד).
ומבואר מכאן, שאסור לשלם לשומר, והוא הדין ל"שמרטף", עבור השמירה ביום השבת, כיון שזהו "שכר שבת", שגזרו רבותינו שלא לשלמו.
שכר שבת בהבלעה אולם מבואר שם בתוספתא ובדברי הפוסקים, שמותר לשלם שכר שבת ב"הבלעה", כלומר, אם שוכר אדם שומר, כדי שישמור לו על חפציו במשך שבוע, יכול לשלם לו עבור כל ימות השבוע אף על פי שבכלל השבוע גם יום השבת.
ולפיכך הוא הדין לגבי שמרטף, שאם התנו עמה מראש שתשגיח על הילדים במשך כל השבוע וכדומה, ולא מחשבים עמה את שכרה לפי שעות או ימים, אלא בסכום כולל עבור כל הזמן שמוטל עליה לשמור, מותר לשלם לה גם עבור השגחתה על הילדים ביום השבת, שכן זהו שכר שבת "בהבלעה".
אבל אם שכרה מחושב לפי מספר שעות או ימים, אסור לתת לה שכר שבת, וכן אסורה היא לקבל שכר שבת.
לצורך מצוה אבל, אם הדבר נעשה לצורך מצוה, מותר לשמרטף ליטל שכר על שמירתה, שבאופן זה לא גזרו חכמים. ולכן כתב בספר כנסת הגדולה שנהגו לשלם למיילדות עבור מלאכתן ביום השבת, וכן כתבו הפוסקים שנהגו לשלם לחזנים ולתוקעים בשופר עבור מלאכתם בימי שבתות וימים טובים.
ומכל מקום כתבו הפוסקים, שכל הנוטל שכר עבור מלאכה בשבת, אף על פי שהוא לצורך מצוה, אינו רואה סימן ברכה לעולם מאותו שכר, ולכן כתבו שטוב שיקבלו שכרם בהבלעה, כגון שיקבל החזן את שכרו גם עבור תפילות בימי החול וכדומה. ובספר ילקוט יוסף, הביא הגאון הראש"ל רבי יצחק יוסף שליט"א, ששמע מפי מרן רבינו עובדיה יוסף זצ"ל הכ"מ, שאם נוטל שכר עבור עניין מצוה שנעשה בשבת, טוב שיקנה באותו השכר איזה דבר מצוה, כגון ספרי קודש וכדומה, משום שכיוון שלוקח שכר זה לדבר מצוה, יראה בו סימן ברכה.
ולסיכום:מי ששכר "שמרטף" לשמירת ילדיו, אסור לו לשלם לה את שכרה עבור יום השבת. לכן, יש לסכם מראש, שתשמור על הילדים בזמן נוסף, מלבד יום השבת, והשכר ישולם לה באופן כולל על כל השמירה. וגם היא, כשתבוא לדרוש את שכרה, תאמר שהיא מבקשת שישלמו לה את השכר הכללי, ולא תדרוש שכר עבור יום השבת דוקא. (וראה בחזון עובדיה ח"ו עמוד ג).
Babysitting On Shabbat
Question: May one hire a babysitter to watch one’s children on Shabbat and pay her on Friday or on Motza’ei Shabbat or is this forbidden?
Answer: The Gemara (Baba Metzia 58a) states that our Sages enacted that one may not pay a worker for work performed on Shabbat, for this is similar to monetary transactions which are forbidden on Shabbat.
Hiring a Worker to Watch a Child The Tosefta states, “If one hires a worker to watch one’s cow or child, one may not pay him for the work he has provided on Shabbat.” The Rif, Rambam, Rosh, Tur, and Maran Ha’Shulchan Aruch (Chapter 306, Section 4) rule accordingly.
We see that one may not pay a watchman or a babysitter for what they have watched on Shabbat, for this constitutes “Shabbat wages” which our Sages have forbidden to pay.
Shabbat Wages in a Collective Manner Nevertheless, the Tosefta and the Poskim point out that one may pay Shabbat wages in a collective manner, i.e. if one has hired a guard to watch one’s possessions throughout the entire week, one may pay the guard his wages for the entire week although the payment includes the Shabbat wages as well.
Thus, the same applies to a babysitter in that if it was stipulated in advance that she should watch the children for the entire week and her salary is not determined on an hourly or daily basis, rather, for the entire pre-determined period that she is to watch the children, she may be compensated for watching the children on Shabbat as well since this is being included with the rest of her salary.
However, if the babysitter is paid on an hourly or daily basis, one may not pay her for the work she has done on Shabbat and she may not accept such compensation either.
For the Purpose of a Mitzvah Nevertheless, when there is a Mitzvah purpose, a babysitter may receive compensation for her work on Shabbat, for our Sages never intended to prohibit such a situation. It is for this reason that the Kenesset Ha’Gedolah writes that it is customary to pay midwives for their services. Similarly, the Poskim write that it is customary to pay Chazzanim (cantors) and those who blow Shofar for the services they provide on Shabbat and Yom Tov.
On the other hand, the Poskim write that one who receives compensation for work one has performed on Shabbat shall not see any blessing from this money. The Poskim therefore write that it is preferable that such individuals receive their Shabbat wages in a collective manner, such as, in the form of compensation for his prayers during the week as well. In his Sefer Yalkut Yosef, the great Rishon Le’Tzion, Hagaon Harav Yitzchak Yosef Shlit”a writes that he heard from his father, Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosef zt”l, that if one received a salary for a service performed on Shabbat, one should use this money to purchase some item related to a Mitzvah, such as Torah books and the like, for by purchasing an item related to a Mitzvah with this money, one shall see blessing from this money in this way.
Summary: If one hires a babysitter to watch one’s children on Shabbat, one may not pay her for the services she performed on Shabbat. Thus, one should make up with the babysitter that she watch the children on another occasion (besides for Shabbat) as well and she will then be paid collectively for the entire babysitting period. Similarly, when requesting reimbursement, the babysitter should request to be paid collectively for the entire babysitting service and not specifically for the babysitting she had done on Shabbat (see Chazon Ovadia-Shabbat, Part 6, page 3).
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Q & A on Parashat Tetzave
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
What two precautions were taken to assure the purity of oil for the menorah? 27:20 – The olives were pressed and not ground, and only the first drop was used.
How was Aharon commanded to kindle the menorah? 27:20 – He was commanded to kindle it until the flame ascended by itself.
What does tamid mean in reference to the menorah? 27:20 – It means that it should be kindled every night.
What does kehuna mean? 28:3 – Service.
Name the eight garments worn by the Kohen Gadol. 28:4,36,42 – Choshen, ephod, me'il, ketonet, mitznefet, avnet, tzitz, and michnasayim.
To what does Rashi compare the ephod? 28:6 – A woman's riding garment.
In which order were the names of the Tribes inscribed on the ephod? 28:10 – In order of birth.
The stones of the ephod bore the inscription of the names of the sons of Yaakov. Why? 28:12 – So that G-d would see their names and recall their righteousness.
For what sins did the choshenmishpat atone? 28:15 – For judicial errors.
What are three meanings of the word mishpat? 28:15 – (i) The claims of the litigants, (ii) The court's ruling, (iii) The court's punishment.
What was lacking in the bigdeikehuna in the second Beit Hamikdash? 28:30 – The Urim V'Tumim — the "ShemHa'meforash" placed in the folds of the choshen.
Which garment's fabric was woven of only one material? 28:31 – The fabric of the me'il was made only of techelet.
When the Kohen Gadol wore all his priestly garments, where on his head was the tefillin situated? 28:37 – Between the tzitz and the mitznefet.
What does the word tamid mean in reference to the tzitz? (two answers) 28:38 – (i) It always atones, even when not being worn. (ii)The Kohen Gadol must always be aware that he is wearing it.
Which garments were worn by a kohenhediot? 28:40,42 – Ketonet, avnet, migba'at, and michnasayim.
During the inauguration of the kohanim, a bullock was brought as a sin offering. For what sin did this offering atone? 29:1 – The sin of the golden calf.
Moshe was commanded to wash Aharon and his sons to prepare them to serve as kohanim (29:4). How were they washed? 29:4 – They immersed in a mikveh.
What was unique about the bull sin-offering brought during the inauguration of the kohanim? 29:14 – It is the only external sin-offering that was completely burned.
How did the oil used for the meal-offering differ from the oil used for the menorah? 29:40 – Oil for the menorah comes only from beaten olives. Oil for meal-offerings may come from either beaten olives or from ground-up olives.
What does the crown on the mizbeach haketoret symbolize? 30:3 – The crown of kehuna.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
שאלה: האם מותר להניח בשבת מכשיר "אינטרקום" בחדר שיש בו תינוק, כדי שיוכלו הוריו לשמוע את בכיו ולדעת מה מצבו, ולהעניק לו כל צרכיו?
תשובה:הנה לכאורה יש לדון בזה מצד שמכשיר האינטרקום דומה מצד פעולתו למכשיר הרם קול שכבר אסרוהו כל גאוני הדורות האחרונים מכמה סיבות, ומהם, מפני שמכשיר הרם קול הוא כלי המיוחד להשמעת קול, שאסור מדרבנן להשתמש בו ביום השבת. וכן האריך בזה מרן הרב זצ"ל בספר יביע אומר (ח"א סי' יט) לאסור השימוש ברמקול בשבת מכמה טעמים.
אולם לענין אינטרקום בחדר שיש בו תינוק, לכאורה יש לדון בזה להקל מטעם שתינוק נחשב כחולה שאין בו סכנה גם כאשר הוא מרגיש טוב, (שהרי מצבו רגיש וכל הזמן הוא נזקק לטיפול של הוריו) ולכן, באיסור דרבנן שלא נעשה על ידי ההורים, רק על ידי התינוק שמשמיע קולו, לכאורה יש להקל. ואף שבזמן שנכנסים ההורים לחדר התינוק בכדי לטפל בו, נשמע גם קולם ברמקול בזמן שהם מדברים שם, מכל מקום מותר הדבר, לפי שאינם מתכונים שישמעו קולם, ואין להם כל תועלת מכך, וגם אינם עושים מעשה בידים כלל, על כן יש להקל בזה באיסור דרבנן.
אלא שיש אומרים שעיקר איסור השימוש ברמקול או באינטרקום בשבת אינו רק מדרבנן, אלא איסורו איסור גמור מן התורה, מפני שבזמן שעוברים גלי הקול, נוצרת פעולה חשמלית המביאה לזיקי אש במוליכי הזרם החשמלי, ויש בזה איסור תורה. וכן כתבו כמה מגדולי הרבנים בדור שלפנינו. אולם מרן הרב זצ"ל העיר על דבריהם, כי מזה זמן רב דיבר על כך עם ידידו הגאון רבי שלמה זלמן אוירבך זצ"ל (שהיה נודע בהבנתו בעניני חשמל בהלכה) והלה הודיעו באופן ברור כי דברי הרבנים שכתבו כך אינם נכונים במציאות כלל, ושאין הדיבור מעורר זיקי אש, רק הגברת הזרם, שאין בו שום חשש של הבערה וכיבוי, וכל דברי המומחים בזה הם רק על הגברת הזרם, אבל האש או האור, לא מתגבר ולא מתמעט בזה כלל. והרבנים שכתבו כן בזמנים עברו, הוא מפני שלא היה ענין החשמל ברור בזמנם די הצורך.
ולפיכך הדבר ברור, שאין איסור בשימוש ברמקול בשבת, אלא מדרבנן, ולפיכך בנדון דנן שהוא לצורך תינוק, וגם לא נעשה מעשה בידים ממש, המיקל בשימוש באינטרקום בשבת, יש לו על מה שיסמוך.
Baby Monitors on Shabbat
Question: May one place a baby monitor (intercom) in a baby's room on Shabbat in order to be able to hear if the baby cries and to be able to adequately care for his/her needs?
Answer: At first glance, it would seem that the baby monitor is similar in the way it works to a microphone which has already been prohibited by the greatest luminaries of the past several generation for several reasons, including the fact that it is a vessel designated for making noise whose usage on Shabbat is subject to a rabbinic prohibition. Indeed, Maran Harav zt"l writes lengthily in his Responsa Yabia Omer (Volume 1, Chapter 19) to prohibit the usage of a microphone on Shabbat for several reasons.
Nevertheless, there seems to be more room for leniency regarding a monitor placed in a baby's room, for an infant is considered to be "an individual ill with a non-life-threatening illness" even when he is healthy (since a baby's condition is very sensitive and he is constantly in need of his parents' care); thus, there is room for leniency regarding a rabbinic prohibition not being performed by the parents and which is only a result of the raising of the baby's voice. Although the parents' voices are heard on the intercom as well when they enter the baby's room in order to care for him and speak there, nevertheless, this is still permissible since they have no intention for their voices to be heard and they gain no benefit from this in addition to the fact that there is no physical action. Thus, regarding a rabbinic prohibition, there is room for leniency.
On the other hand, some claim that the usage of a microphone or baby monitor on Shabbat is not only a rabbinic prohibition but is actually a Torah prohibition, for the sound waves create an electrical function whereby sparks of fire are emitted via electrical conduction. Several great luminaries from the previous generation rule likewise. Nevertheless, Maran zt"l disagrees with this opinion, for after having spoken this matter over with his great friend, Hagaon Harav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt"l (who was known to be an expert in the Halachot regarding electricity), the latter informed him that it is clear that the opinion of the aforementioned luminaries is completely incorrect and one's speech does not create any kind of sparks and only causes an increase in the sound waves which has no connection to the forbidden works of igniting or extinguishing a flame. All experts in the field of electricity point to an increase in the sound waves but no fire (electricity) is increased or decreased as a result. The reason why some Poskim wrote this way in previous generation is because the essence of electricity was not yet explained so clearly.
Thus, it is clear that using a microphone on Shabbat is only a rabbinic prohibition and regarding our situation which is a necessity for an infant and where no physical action being performed, one who is lenient and uses a baby monitor on Shabbat surely has on whom to rely.
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—
Shabbat Shalom
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SHABBAT
Shabbat Times
לוח זמני תפלה לחורףתשע"ט
Winter Timetable 5779 – 2018 / 19
מוצאי שבת
ערבית )מוצ"ש(
שקיעה
מנחה שבת
סוף זמן קריאת שמע
הדלקת נרות
מנחה וקבלת שבת
תאריך
שבת פרשת
Shabbat
Ends
Arbit
Sunset
Minha
Shema before
Candle Lighting
Minha & Kabbalat Shabbat
Date
Parasha
PM
PM
PM
PM
AM
PM
PM
5:58
5:50
5:05
4:30
10:01
4:49
4:45
8/9 Feb
תרומה
Shabbat Services
Children’s Tehilim straight after Musaf
Anyone wishing to donate a Kiddush Please email Moorlanenews
****
Q & A on Parashat Teruma
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
How many types of items were the Jews to donate? 25:2 – 13.
The donation of silver for the Mishkan differed from the donation of the other items. How? 25:3 – No fixed amount of the other items was required. The silver was given as a fixed amount:a half-shekel.
What property do techelet and argaman share that orot eilim m'adamim do not share? 25:4,5 – They are wool; orot eilim are not.
What property do the above three share that shesh and orot techashim do not share? 25:4,5 – They are dyed; shesh and orot techashim are not.
Onkelos translates "tachash" as "sasgona." Why? 25:5 – The tachash delights (sas) in its multi-colors (g'vanim).
What kind of trees did Yaakov plant in Egypt? 25:5 – Arazim — cedars.
Describe two uses of: (a) oil , (b) spices, (c) jewels 25:6-7: (a). The oil was lit in the menorah and used for anointing. (b). The spices were used in the anointing oil and for the incense. (c). The precious stones were for the ephod and the choshen.
The aron was made with three boxes, one inside the other. Exactly how tall was the outer box? 25:11 – The outer box was one and a half amot plus a tefach plus a little bit, because it rose a little bit above the kaporet. (The kaporet was a tefach thick — see 25:17).
Why is the Torah referred to as "testimony"? 25:16 – It testifies that G-d commanded us to keep the mitzvot.
What did the faces of the keruvim resemble? 25:18 – The faces of children.
On what day of the week was the lechem hapanim baked? 25:29 – Friday.
What does miksha mean? 25:31 – Hammered.
What was the purpose of the menorah'sgevi'im (cups)? 25:31 – Purely ornamental.
How did Moshe know the shape of the menorah? 25:40 – G-d showed Moshe a menorah of fire.
What designs were embroidered into the tapestries of the Mishkan? 26:1 – On one side a lion; on the other side an eagle.
What is meant by "standing wood"? 26:15 – The wooden beams were to be upright and not stacked one upon the other.
How long was the Mishkan? 26:16 – 30 amot.
How wide was the interior of the Mishkan? 26:23 – 10 amot.
Why was the altar coated with nechoshet? 27:2 – To atone for brazenness.
Which function did the copper yeteidot serve? 27:19 – They secured the curtains against the wind.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
טעות בברכת השכיבנו
שאלה:מי שטעה בליל שבת, וסיים את ברכת השכיבינו כמו בימות החול, האם עליו לחזור ולברך? ומה הדין אם טעה בימות החול וסיים כמו הנוסח של שבת?
תשובה:בהלכה הקודמתכתבנו, שבימות החול מסיימים את ברכת "השכיבנו" שבתפלת ערבית, במילים: "שומר את עמו ישראל לעד, אמן", אבל בשבת יש לסיים, "הפורש סוכת שלום עלינו ועל כל עמו ישראל ועל ירושלים, אמן".
ועתה עלינו לדון, איך יש לנהוג, אם אדם טעה וסיים את הברכה בליל שבת כפי הנוסח של יום חול. או להיפך, אם סיים ביום חול כפי הנוסח של שבת. האם עליו לחזור ולברך שנית? וכבר דנו בזה הפוסקים, וגם הראשון לציון הגאון רבי יצחק יוסף שליט"א דן בענין זה בספרו (סימן רסז), ונביא כאן את עיקרי הדברים.
כי באמת, שמדברי חז"ל בתלמוד ירושלמי (פ"ד דברכות) מוכח בפירוש שבזמן חז"ל היו מקומות שנהגו לסיים גם בימות החול באותו נוסח שאנו מסיימים בשבת. כלומר, גם בימות החול היו אומרים "הפורש סוכת שלום" וכו'. וכן מבואר במדרש ובדברי רבינו הריטב"א ועוד.
והמאירי בספרו מגן אבות (עמוד כ), הוכיח שבזמן חז"ל היו אומרים גם בימות החול "הפורש סוכת שלום", אלא שמנהג זה לא התקבל ברוב העולם, ונהגו כפי שאנו נוהגים, שבימות החול מסיימים "שומר את עמו ישראל", ובשבת היו מסיימים "הפורש סוכת שלום", כפי שאנו נוהגים.
וכבר הזכרנו בהלכה הקודמת, שיש מקומות שהיו מסיימים גם בליל שבת באותו נוסח שאנו מסיימים בימות החול. וכן מובא בסדור רב עמרם גאון.
ועל כל פנים יצא לנו מדברי הפוסקים הללו, שבדיעבד, כלומר, אם כבר טעה אדם, וסיים בליל שבת בנוסח של יום חול, וכן להיפך, אם סיים ביום חול בנוסח של שבת, אינו צריך לחזור ולברך שוב את ברכת "השכיבנו", כי אין בשינויי נוסחאות אלה כדי לפסול את הברכה לגמרי אפילו בדיעבד.
ואמנם לא מצאנו בפירוש בדברי הראשונים שיורו כן, עד שהשמיענו דבר חדש, בספר ילקוט יוסף הנ"ל, שמצא לאחד מהקדמונים בספר ארחות חיים (דף סא ע"ג), שכתב בזו הלשון: ובברכת השכיבנו חותם "פורס סוכת שלום" וכו', ואם חתם "שומר את עמו ישראל לעד", אין מחזירין אותו, שכך אמר רב שלום גאון, שבישיבה לא היו משנים, לא בשבת ולא ביום טוב.
לכן למעשה, מי שטעה וסיים את ברכת השכיבנו בליל שבת, באותו נוסח שאומרים בימות החול, אינו חוזר לברך שנית, וכן הדין להיפך, אם טעה בימות החול וסיים בנוסח של שבת, שאינו חוזר לברך.
ומכל מקום אם נזכר מיד עם סיום הברכה, לפני שעבר זמן שיכול לומר "שלום עליך רבי" (כשתי שניות), יחזור ויתקן את נוסח הברכה. וכגון, אם סיים בליל שבת "שומר את עמו ישראל לעד אמן", ומיד שם לב שטעה בדבריו, יאמר מיד, "הפורש סוכת שלום עלינו" וכו'. (משנה ברורה ס"ק ט).
Making a Mistake in the “Hashkivenu” Blessing
Question:If one mistakenly concludes the “Hashkivenu” blessing on Shabbat night as one would during other weeknights, must one repeat the blessing? Similarly, what is the Halacha regarding one who mistakenly concludes this blessing during the rest of the week with the Shabbat text?
Answer:In theprevious Halachawe have written that during weeknights, we conclude the “Hashkivenu” blessing with the words “Shomer Et Amo Yisrael La’ad, Amen” as opposed to Shabbat when we conclude this blessing with the words “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom Alenu Ve’al Kol Amo Yisrael Ve’al Yerushalayim, Amen.”
We shall now discuss a situation where one mistakenly concluded this blessing on Shabbat night with the regular weeknight text or vice versa. Must one repeat the blessing a second time? The Poskim have discuss this issue and their words are recorded by the great Rishon Le’Zion, Hagaon Harav Yitzchak Yosef (in his Yalkut Yosef-Shabbat, page 267) and we shall quote the main points he discusses.
Indeed, from the Talmud Yerushalmi (Chapter 4 of Masechet Berachot) it seems clear that in the times of our Sages, there were some places where it was customary to conclude this blessing during the week with the same text we use on Shabbat, i.e. on weeknights they would recite “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom”and on Shabbat they would conclude the blessing with the same words “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom”. This seems clear from the Midrash and from the words of the Ritba.
The Meiri proves in his Sefer Magen Avot (page 20) that in the times of the Sages of the Talmud, they would use the “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom”throughout the rest of the week as well, however, this custom was not accepted in most places and they followed the same custom we have today, i.e. reciting “Shomer Et Amo Yisrael La’ad, Amen” on weeknights and “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom”on Shabbat.
We have already explained in the previous Halacha that there were some places which customarily concluded this blessing on Shabbat with the same text we use during the rest of the week. This is quoted in the Siddur of Rav Amram Gaon.
Based on all of the above opinions among the Poskim, if one has already mistakenly concluded the blessing on Shabbat using the weeknight text or if one has concluded the blessing on a weeknight using the Shabbat text, one need not repeat the “Hashkivenu” blessing, for a change in these texts does not cause the blessing to be considered invalid.
Nevertheless, we have not seen this law stated specifically in the works of the Rishonim until the aforementioned Yalkut Yosef writes that he had found in the Sefer Orchot Chaim (page 61c) who writes as follows: “In the ‘Hashkivenu’ blessing, one concludes by saying ‘Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom’.However, if one has already concluded by saying ‘Shomer Et Amo Yisrael La’ad,’ one need not repeat the blessing, for Rav Shalom Gaon would say that in the Yeshiva this blessing would not be changed on either Shabbat or holidays.”
Thus, halachically speaking, one who concludes the “Hashkivenu” blessing on Shabbat with the text recited on weekdays or vice versa need not repeat this blessing.
Nevertheless, if one becomes aware of one’s mistake immediately before approximately two seconds have elapsed, one should quickly fix the text of the blessing, i.e. if one concluded with the words “Shomer Et Amo Yisrael La’ad, Amen” on Shabbat night and immediately becomes aware of one’s error, one should immediately insert the words “Ha’Pores Sukkat Shalom Alenu Ve’al Kol Amo Yisrael Ve’al Yerushalayim, Amen.” (See Mishnah Berura, Chapter 288, Subsection 9).
****
—
Shabbat Shalom
moorlanenews@gmail.com
Please feel free to ask us any questions or requests you may need through this e-mail. We will get back to you, bli neder, asap.
Please send us any announcement you would like to make through our e-mail before Wednesday morning, if possible, unless there is a Yom Tob. Exceptions will be made for late entries
Be advised that we will only announce your simcha when you give us permission to do so
If you no longer wish to receive further emails from moorlanenewsplease reply with the word "unsubscribe". Thank you, Hatzlacha & all the best
The Avrechim of the Kollel are able to learn with the Kahal
from 6.50 til Arbit at 7.30 every evening
Need a partner?
contact Rabbi Stamler
*******
****
SHABBAT
Shabbat Times
לוח זמני תפלה לחורףתשע"ט
Winter Timetable 5779 – 2018 / 19
מוצאי שבת
ערבית )מוצ"ש(
שקיעה
מנחה שבת
סוף זמן קריאת שמע
הדלקת נרות
מנחה וקבלת שבת
תאריך
שבת פרשת
Shabbat
Ends
Arbit
Sunset
Minha
Shema before
Candle Lighting
Minha & Kabbalat Shabbat
Date
Parasha
PM
PM
PM
PM
AM
PM
PM
5:46
5:40
4:52
4:15
10:08
4:36
4:35
1 / 2 Feb
משפטים(ש''מ)
Shabbat Services
Children’s Tehilim straight after Musaf
Anyone wishing to donate a Kiddush Please email Moorlanenews
****
Q & A on Parashat Mishpatim
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary unless otherwise stated.
In what context is a mezuza mentioned in this week's parsha? 21:6 – If a Hebrew slave desires to remain enslaved, his owner brings him "to the doorpost mezuza" to pierce his ear.
What special mitzvah does the Torah give to the master of a Hebrew maidservant? 21:8,9 – To marry her.
What is the penalty for wounding one's father or mother? 21:15 – Death by strangulation.
An intentionally hits B. As a result, B is close to death. Besides any monetary payments, what happens to A? 21:19 – He is put in jail until B recovers or dies.
What is the penalty for someone who tries to murder a particular person, but accidentally kills another person instead? Give two opinions. 21:23 – (a) The murderer deserves the death penalty. (b) The murderer is exempt from death but must compensate the heirs of his victim.
A slave goes free if his master knocks out one of the slave's teeth. What teeth do not qualify for this rule and why? 21:26 – Baby teeth, which grow back.
An ox gores another ox. What is the maximum the owner of the damaging ox must pay, provided his animal had gored no more than twice previously? 21:35 – The full value of his own animal.
From where in this week's Parsha can the importance of work be demonstrated? 21:37 – From the "five-times" penalty for stealing an ox and slaughtering it. This fine is seen as punishment for preventing the owner from plowing with his ox.
What is meant by the words "If the sun shone on him"? 22:2 – If it's as clear as the sun that the thief has no intent to kill.
A person is given an object for safe-keeping. Later, he swears it was stolen. Witnesses come and say that in fact, he is the one who stole it. How much must he pay? 22:8 – Double value of the object.
A person borrows his employee's car. The car is struck by lightning. How much must he pay? 22:14 – Nothing
Why is lending money at interest called "biting"? 22:24 – Interest is like a snake bite. Just as the poison is not noticed at first but soon overwhelms the person, so too interest is barely noticeable until it accumulates to an overwhelming sum.
Non-kosher meat, "treifa," is preferentially fed to dogs. Why? 22:30 – As "reward" for their silence during the plague of the first-born.
Which verse forbids listening to slander? 23:1 – Targum Onkelos translates "Don't bear a false report" as "Don't receive a false report".
What constitutes a majority-ruling in a capital case? 23:2 – A simple majority is needed for an acquittal. A majority of two is needed for a ruling of guilty.
How is Shavuot referred to in this week's parsha? 23:16 – Chag Hakatzir — Festival of Reaping.
How many prohibitions are transgressed when cooking meat and milk together? 23:19 – One.
What was written in the Sefer Habrit which Moshe wrote prior to the giving of the Torah? 24:4,7 – The Torah, starting from Bereishet until the giving of the Torah, and the mitzvot given at Mara.
What was the livnat hasapir a reminder of? 24:10 – That the Jews in Egypt were forced to toil by making bricks.
Who was Efrat? Who was her husband? Who was her son? 24:14 – Miriam, wife of Calev, mother of Chur.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
דין שהיית תבשיל מערב שבת על גבי כיריים של גאז או פלטה
גזירת "שמא יחתה"
רבותינו אסרו להעמיד קדרת (סיר) תבשיל מערב שבת (לפני כניסת השבת) על גבי הכיריים של אש שהיו בזמנם, משום גזירה, שמא יבא לחתות (כלומר להפוך) את הגחלים ביום השבת עצמו בכדי למהר את בישול המאכל. ולא התירו להניח תבשיל על האש מערב שבת, אלא דוקא אם "גרף", כלומר שהוציא את כל הגחלים מהכירה מערב שבת, שאז אין לחוש שמא יחתה בגחלים, או ש"קטם", כלומר, שכיסה את כל הגחלים באפר מערב שבת, שאז יש "היכר" (סימן) להזהר לא לבא לחתות בגחלים בשבת, וממילא אין לחוש לחיתוי.
דין כיריים של גז או חשמל ובזמנינו, שהכיריים שלנו הן של גז, שאין חשש שיבא לחתות בגחלים, יש אומרים שמותר להניח תבשיל שלא נתבשל כל צרכו מערב שבת, בכדי שימשיך בישולו בשבת, מפני שאין לחוש לחיתוי בגחלים, ויש אומרים שעדיין יש לחוש שיבא להגביה את חום האש על ידי סיבוב הכפתור המווסת את זרימת הגז, וגם בזה שייך איסור תורה שממהר את הבישול ומגביר את האש, ולכן אוסרים גם בזמנינו להניח תבשיל, כגון "חמין" על גבי האש מערב שבת.
ולהלכה פסק מרן הרב עובדיה יוסף שליט"א, שמכיון שבזמן רבותינו שגזרו גזירה זו לא היה בנמצא כלל חשש כזה של הגבהת חום האש על ידי סיבוב כפתור, אם כן אין זה בכלל גזירת חז"ל בזה. והביא עוד טעמים להקל בזה. ולכן מעיקר הדין כתב, שיש להקל להניח תבשיל שלא נתבשל כל צרכו על גבי כיריים של גאז מערב שבת, בכדי שימשיך בישולו בשבת. ומכל מקום, טוב להחמיר להניח על גבי הכירה טס של מתכת וכיוצא בזה, שיפסיק בין האש לקדירה, שאז נחשב הדבר כמו שהכירה קטומה, (כמו גחלים המכוסים אפר), שאז יש להקל יותר בריוח להשהות על גביה תבשיל כזה.
דין פלאטה חשמלית וממוצא הדברים נלמד, שבפלאטה חשמלית של שבת, שאין האש שבתוכה ניכרת כלל, והיא מכוסה בטס של מתכת מעצם יצירתה, הרי דינה הוא כדין כירה גרופה וקטומה, ויש להקל להניח על גביה תבשיל מערב שבת, כגון "חמין", בכדי שיגמר הבישול שלו ביום השבת עצמו, ואין חיוב להניח על גבי הפלאטה טס של מתכת, מכיון שבלאו הכי האש שבפלאטה מכוסה על ידי המתכת. (וכן פסק הגאון רבי משה פינשטיין זצ"ל). ויש עוד טעמים להקל בזה שנידונו בארוכה בספרי הפוסקים. ויש מחמירים גם בפלאטה חשמלית, להניח על גביה טס של מתכת שיפסיק בין קדירת התבשיל למאכל, ומכל מקום מעיקר הדין יש להקל בזה בפשיטות, גם בלא טס של מתכת.
ולסיכום:מותר להניח קודם כניסת השבת, תבשיל שלא נתבשל כל צרכו על גבי כיריים של גז, בכדי שיגמר הבישול ביום השבת, וטוב להניח טס של מתכת על גבי הכירה, בכדי להפסיק בין הקדירה לכיריים. ומותר להשהות מערב שבת תבשיל שלא נתבשל כל צרכו על גבי פלאטה חשמלית של שבת, ובזה יש להקל בפשיטות גם בלא הפסק של טס מתכת.
וכל זה לענין הנחת תבשיל מערב שבת לצורך השבת, אבל ביום השבת עצמו, יש פרטי דינים בזה, שיבוארו להלן
The Laws of Leaving a Food on a Gas Stovetop or Electric Hotplate from before Shabbat
The Enactment of "Lest One Stoke"
Our Sages forbade leaving a pot of food from before the onset of Shabbat on the stovetops which existed then lest one stoke the coals on Shabbat itself in order to hasten the foods cooking. They only allowed one to leave his pot of food on the fire from before Shabbat if he had either removed the coals from the stove before Shabbat in which case there is no concern for stoking the coals or if one had covered the coals with a layer of ash before Shabbat as a sign/reminder to beware not to stoke the coals on Shabbat in which case there is no longer concern for stoking.
A Gas or Electric Stovetop Nowadays, when our stovetops are gas-powered and there is no longer concern for stoking coals, some say that one is permitted to leave a food which is not fully-cooked on the stovetop from before Shabbat in order for it to continue to cook on Shabbat, for there is no longer concern for stoking. Others, however, say that it is still forbidden to do so, for there is concern that one may raise the temperature of the flame by turning the knob which controls the amount of gas flow; this also constitutes a Torah prohibition, for this hastens the cooking time of the food as well as making the flame larger. They therefore prohibit leaving a pot of "Chulent" on the gas range from before Shabbat in order to cook on Shabbat.
Halachically speaking, Maran Harav Ovadia Yosef Shlit"a rules that since the issue of raising the temperature of the flame by turning a knob was not an issue at the time that our Sages established this decree, this is therefore not included in the enactment of our Sages. He quotes other reasons for leniency as well. Thus, according to the letter of the law, one may leave a pot of non-fully-cooked food on the gas stovetop from before Shabbat in order for it to continue cooking on Shabbat. It is nevertheless preferable to act stringently and place a metal sheet ("Blech") and the like on top of the stovetop in order to separate between the flame and the pot and in this way it will be considered as if the "coals were removed from the stove" in which case there is much more room for leniency to leave the pot of food there from before Shabbat.
An Electric Hotplate Based on this we can infer that an electric Shabbat hotplate ("Plata") whose fire or heat source within it is completely indiscernible and is covered with a layer of metal from its production has the same law as a stove with the coals "removed or covered" and one may be lenient and place a pot of food on top of it before the onset of Shabbat in order to continue being cooked on Shabbat. One need not place a metal sheet on top of it since its heat source within is already covered by metal (Hagaon Harav Moshe Feinsteinzt"l rules likewise). There are other reasons for leniency discussed at length in the works of the Poskim. There are nevertheless those who are customarily stringent and place a metal sheet on top of the hotplate in order to separate between it and the pot; however, as we have mentioned, the Halacha follows that the is ample room for leniency even without an additional layer of metal.
Summary: One may place a pot of food which is not fully-cooked on a gas stovetop before the onset of Shabbat in order for it to continue cooking on Shabbat. It is preferable, however, to place a sheet of metal on top of the stovetop in order to separate between the flame and the pot. One may place a pot of food which is not fully-cooked on an electric hotplate before Shabbat and one may do so even without placing a layer of metal on top of the hotplate.
All this applies to leaving a pot of food on the stovetop or hotplate before the onset of Shabbat; however, placing the food on Shabbat itself requires several other conditions to be met as we shall soon discuss, G-d-willing
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‘Aseret HaDiberot – The Ten Commandments
It is the minhag of all Jews from North Africa, as well as our brothers, the Ashkenazim, to stand up during the reading of the ‘Aseret HaDiberot (the Ten Commandments) on Shabu’ot, Shabat Yitro, and Shabat VaEthanan, to commemorate the time when Yisrael stood at Har Sinai as if we are once again welcoming the face of the Shekhina (Divine Presence) and accepting the Tora.[1]
However, Rambam[2] writes not to stand for the ‘aseret hadiberot because the heretics will claim, “we only attribute importance to these ten misvot as they are the only ones that are true; the rest of the Tora is not true,” has veshalom. The reason we continue to follow this minhag, is because the heretics at the time of Rambam were much different then the heretics of today as heretics of today do not make such claims.[3] Ribi Shalom Messas[4] is also of this opinion and explains further that whether we were to remain seated or we stood during the ‘aseret hadiberot it would not change the perception of the heretics; either way they would find ways to deny the Tora. Also, it is clear that since we continue to read the remainder of the parasha – and not solely the ‘aseret hadiberot – there is no reason to worry about such claims.[5] Ribi Yehuda ‘Ayash of Algeria is also of this opinion and writes that the claims of the heretics could only persuade an ignoramus of nowadays using such logic.[6] Furthermore, Maran HaHida[7] explains that since we make berakhot before and after each ‘aliya latora – and not just the ‘aliya of the ‘aseret hadiberot – we have no worry that heretics will make a claim that the rest of the Tora is untrue.
Maran HaHida[8] cautions us, however, to stand from the beginning of the ‘aliya in order to show that we stand for other pesuqim as well. He also adds that it is very important that if the majority of the congregation is standing, one is NOT allowed to sit, as this illustrates a belittlement of the ‘Aseret HaDiberot, G-d forbid. Nonetheless, the majority of Moroccan posqimwrite that the common minhag is to stand only upon reaching the ‘Aseret HaDiberot for we are not concerned about the claims of the heretics at all.[9]
It was the tradition to gather women together and read them these Ten Commandments, in Arabic “ ‘Asr Klmat,” along with its explanation according to Hazal.[10]
Certain parts of the parasha are read in a special tune, among them the ‘Aseret HaDiberot and the Shirat HaYam in order to ascribe special importance to these sections of the Tora as they speak about the high spiritual level of Bené Yisrael and not, has veshalom, to say that they are more important than the rest of the Tora.[11]
The minhag of Spanish Portuguese synagogues is to STAND during the reading of the Aseret Hadiberot
[1] As the Tora says “they were standing at a distance.” This minhag is cited by Dibré Shalom VeEmet (Heleq 2, p.72). Sefer Mamlekhet Kohanim records that this was also the minhag in Djerba and mainland Tunisia, Noheg BeHokhma p.143, QS”A Toledano (Siman 442:9), Yehavé Da’atHazan (Heleq 3, O”H, Siman 13), Maté Yehuda ‘Ayash (Siman 1:6), Dabar Shemuel by Ribi Shemuel Abuhab (Siman 276), Kapé Aharon (Siman 39), and Sedé Hemed (Kelalé HaPosqim, Siman 5:14). In Shemesh Umaghen (Heleq 1, O”H, Siman 57, p.130) Ribi Shalom Messas solidifies our custom to stand based on the fact that today we do not have the same type of heretics that they had in the times of Hazal and because of whom this minhag was spoken out fiercely against. Maran HaHida (LeDavid Emet Siman 7:5) further says that one should stand in order to stir feelings of fear and trepidation as were felt at Har Sinai.
Those who speak out against this practice do so because to a foreigner it might seem as if the ‘Aseret HaDiberot are more important than the rest of the Tora. This gives reason for the heretics to believe that only the ‘Aseret HaDiberot were given at Har Sinai and not the rest of the Tora which is not the truth, has veshalom.
[2] In his handwritten responsa that was compiled along with approximately 367 other responses in 1934. (Siman 46).
[9] Ribi Yehuda ‘Ayash of Algeria (Maté Yehuda Siman 1:6), Ribi Yishaq Hazan (Yehavé Da’at, Heleq 3, Siman 13), Ribi Yosef Messas in Osar HaMikhtabim (Heleq 3, §1859), and HaMalakh Refael Berdugo as quoted by the QS”A of Ribi Refael Barukh Toledano (p.174), all say that the common minhag is to stand only once we reach the ‘Aseret HaDiberot. This is also the minhag of Tunisia (Mamlekhet Kohanim) and Libya (Netibot HaMa’arab, Shabu’ot §12).
[10] This is to make the Tora more pleasant to them, and with this they should be more helpful to their husbands in facilitating their Tora learning. See Nahagu Ha’Am (Shabu’ot §5, p.57) as the source and for the lyrics in Arabic.
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Q & A on Parashat Yitro
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
Yitro had 7 names. Why was one of his names Yeter ? 18:1 – Because he caused a parsha to be added to the Torah. Yeter means addition.
News of which two events motivated Yitro to come join the Jewish People? 18:1 – The splitting of the sea and the war against Amalek.
What name of Yitro indicates his love for Torah? 18:1 – Chovav.
Why was Tzipora with her father, Yitro, and not with Moshe when Bnei Yisraelleft Egypt? 18:3 – When Aharon met Moshe with his family on their way down to Egypt, Aharon said to Moshe: "We're pained over the Jews already in Egypt, and you're bringing more Jews to Egypt?" Moshe, hearing this, sent his wife and children back to Midian.
Why does verse 18:5 say that Yitro came to the desert — don't we already know that the Bnei Yisrael were in the desert? 18:5 – To show Yitro's greatness. He was living in a luxurious place; yet he went to the desert in order to study the Torah.
Why did Moshe tell Yitro all that G-d had done for the Jewish People? 18:8 – To draw Yitro closer to the Torah way of life.
According to the Midrash quoted by Rashi, how did Yitro respond when he was told about the destruction of Egypt? 18:9 – He grieved.
Who is considered as if he enjoys the splendor of the Shechina ? 18:12 – One who dines with Torah scholars.
On what day did Moshe sit to judge the Jewish People? 18:13 – The day after Yom Kippur.
Who is considered a co-partner in Creation? 18:13 – A judge who renders a correct decision.
"Moshe sat to judge the people, and the people stood before Moshe…." What bothered Yitro about this arrangement? 18:14 – Yitro felt that the people weren't being treated with the proper respect.
Why did Yitro return to his own land? 18:27 – To convert the members of his family to Judaism.
How did the encampment at Sinai differ from the other encampments? 19:2 – The Jewish People were united.
To whom does the Torah refer when it uses the term "Beit Yaakov "? 19:3 – The Jewish women.
How is G-d's protection of the Jewish People similar to an eagle's protection of its young? 19:4 – An eagle carries its young on top of its wings to protect them from human arrows. So too, G-d's cloud of glory separated between the Egyptians and the Jewish camp in order to absorb Egyptian missiles and arrows fired at the Jewish People.
What was G-d's original plan for Matan Torah ? What was the response of the Jewish People? 19:9 – G-d offered to appear to Moshe and to give the Torah through him. The Jewish People responded that they wished to hear the Torah directly from G-d.
How many times greater is the "measure of reward" than the "measure of punishment"? 20:6 – 500 times.
How is it derived that "Don't steal" refers to kidnapping? 20:13 – Since it is written immediately after "Don't murder" and "Don't commit adultery," it is derived that "Don't steal" refers to a crime carrying the same penalty as the first two, namely, the death penalty.
In response to hearing the Torah given at Sinai, how far backwards did the Jewish people retreat in fear? 20:15 – They backed away from the mountain twelve mil (one mil is 2000 cubits).
Why does the use of iron tools profane the altar? 20:22 – The altar was created to extend life; iron is sometimes used to make weapons which shorten life.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
הקדמה להלכות כבוד אב ואם – יחסו של מרן זצ"ל לאמו ע"ה
לפני כמה שנים, למדנו בהלכה יומית את עיקר דיניכיבוד אב ואם, ומכיון שרבים מבקשים להבהיר עוד כמה פרטי דינים בנדונים אלו, וחסרו הרבה פרטים בהלכות שפורסמו כבר, לכן בימים הקרובים נדבר מעניני כבוד אב ואם, בתוספת נופך מרובה ממה שנכתב כאן כבר בעבר.
גודל החיוב בכבוד ההורים שנינו בברייתא במסכת קידושין (דף ל:) תנו רבנן, נאמר: "כבד את אביך ואת אמך", ונאמר "כבד את ה' מהונך", השוה הכתוב כבוד אב ואם לכבוד המקום (המקום, היינו הקדוש ברוך הוא.) נאמר "איש אמו ואביו תיראו" ונאמר "את ה' אלוקיך תירא", השוה הכתוב מוראת אב ואם למוראת המקום.
כלומר, כל כך החמיר הקדוש ברוך בחיוב כבוד ההורים, עד שהשווה את כבודם ואת מוראם לכבודו ומוראו.
שלשה שותפים באדם תנו רבנן, שלשה שותפין באדם הקדוש ברוך הוא, ואביו ואמו. כלומר, שביצירת האדם שותפין האב והאם, והקדוש ברוך הוא נופח בו נשמה, מראה עין ושמיעת אוזן ודיבור, בזמן שאדם מכבד את אביו ואת אמו, אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא, מעלה אני עליכם כאילו דרתי ביניכם וכבדתם אותי.
עוד נאמר בתורה (ויקרא יט), "איש אמו ואביו תראו ואת שבתותי תשמורו", ללמדך, שאם יאמר לך אביך לחלל שבת, לא תשמע בקולו, שאף אביך מחוייב בכבוד ה' יתברך שצוה על שמירת השבת. וכן בכל עניני המצות, שאם יאמרו לך הוריך לעבור על אחת מכל מצות התורה או מדברי חכמים, לא תשמע בקולם, שאף הם מחוייבים במצות הללו.
כבוד אביו וכבוד אמו תניא, רבי אומר, גלוי וידוע לפני מי שאמר והיה העולם שהבן מכבד את אמו יותר מאביו, לפיכך הקדים הקדוש ברוך הוא כבוד אב לכבוד אם (שנאמר, "כבד את אביך ואת אמך"). וגלוי וידוע לפני מי שאמר והיה העולם שהבן מתיירא מאביו יותר מאמו, לפיכך הקדים הקדוש ברוך הוא מורא אם למורא האב. (שנאמר "איש אמו ואביו תיראו").
עד היכן כבוד אב ואם? שאלו את רבי אליעזר, עד היכן כבוד אב ואם? אמר להם, צאו וראו מה עשה עובד כוכבים אחד באשקלון ודמא בן נתינה שמו, פעם אחת בקשו ממנו חכמים אבנים לאפוד של הכהן הגדול, והיה שוויו סכום עצום של שש מאות אלף דינרי זהב, והיה המפתח של אותו המקום שבו האבנים מונח תחת הכר שישן עליו אביו, וכדי לא לצער את אביו, לא הקיצו משנתו, והפסיד את ההון שהציעו לו חכמי ישראל. לשנה האחרת, נתן הקדוש ברוך הוא שכרו, שנולדה לו פרה אדומה בעדרו, ומכר אותה לחכמי ישראל בעד אותו סכום שהפסיד בשביל כבוד אביו.
ועוד סיפרו שם בגמרא על דמא בן נתינה, שפעם אחת היה לבוש בגדי זהב מאותם של נכבדי רומי, והיה יושב בין גדולי רומי, ובאה אמו וקרעה ממנו את אותו הבגד, וטפחה על ראשו וירקה בפניו, והוא לא הכלימה.
ועוד הביאו שם (דף לא:) מעשה ברבי טרפון, שבכל פעם שהייתה אמו יורדת ועולה למיטתה (שהייתה גבוהה מן הארץ) היה כורע כדי שתוכל אמו לרדת על גבו (דהיינו שהיה משמש לה כ"דרגש" לעלות ולרדת ממיטתה.) ועוד הובאו שם בגמרא כמה מעשים בגודל מצות כבוד אב ואם ועד היכן הדברים מגיעים. ומרן רבינו יוסף קארו, בשלחן ערוך (יו"ד סי' רמ) פתח את הלכות כבוד אב ואם "צריך ליזהר מאד בכבוד אביו ואמו ובמוראם", כי מצוה זו היא יקרה מאד, ובנקל יכול אדם להיכשל בה, ועל כן החובה מוטלת על כל אדם להיזהר הרבה במצוה זו לקיימה כהלכתה.
חומר עון זלזול הורים גדול מאד, הרבה יותר ממה שנראה לבני אדם. ורבותינו המקובלים האריכו לתת תיקון לכל חוטא על חטאו, וכגון, מי שנשבע לשקר, שעוונו גדול מאד כנודע, ותקנתו שיתענה שלשים ושבעה תעניות לכפר על חטאו (ואין אנו נכנסים כאן לענין מעשה, כיצד יש לנהוג בזה בזמנינו שהדורות חלשים), ומי שביזה את אביו או אמו, כתב בספר חרדים, שתקנתו להתענות על חטאו ששים תעניות. ומכאן נלמד חומר העון של מי שאינו זהיר בכבוד אביו ואמו. ואשרי חלקו של הזהיר בזה, כי טובה מדה טובה ממדת פורענות.
וכאן המקום להזכיר מנהגת מרן זצ"ל, שהיה מכבד את אביו ואמו מאד מאד, ובאופן מיוחד נהג כבוד רב כלפי אמו, משום שחש הכרת הטוב עצומה כלפיה, שכן בילדותו, בזמן שהיה שוקד על תלמודו, היתה היא עובדת במקומו בחנות של אביו, ותמיד היתה מעודדת אותו לשקוד על דלתות התורה, ואף שהיה זה בימי דוחק ועוני, היתה שומרת אצלה ממתקים כגון שוקולד וסוכריות יקרות ערך, ומעניקה לו אותם לאחר שהיה שוקד על התורה, ועל ידי כך התעודד להמשיך בשקידת התורה, למרות שכל שכניו וחבריו בני גילו יצאו לעסקים ונהנו מהנאות העולם הזה.
וכאשר התמנה מרן זצ"ל כדיין בבית הדין בפתח תקוה, קנו לו לבוש מיוחד "פראק" של הדיינים. והקפיד מרן זצ"ל ללבוש את הפראק בפעם הראשונה בנוכחות אמו, כדי שתראה אותו בגדולתו ותשמח בלבה. וכן היה תמיד מקפיד לבקרה בביתה ולשמח אותה, ואף לאחר מותה, היה מזכירה לשבח בהקדמות ספריו, אשריה ואשרי חלקה. (וכתבנו בזה באריכות בספר אביר הרועים חלק ראשון)
Introduction to the Laws of Honoring One’s Parents
Several years ago, we have discussed the laws of honoring one’s parents on “Halacha Yomit”. Since we have received many requests to clarify some details regarding these laws in addition to the fact that many details were missing from the Halachot we have published already, we will therefore spend the next few days revisiting the laws of honoring one’s parents with many additions to what we have published in the past.
The Importance of the Obligation to Honor One’s Parents The Baraita in Masechet Kiddushin (30b) tells us: “Our Sages taught: The Torah states, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and it also states, ‘Honor Hashem with your wealth.’ The Torah thus equates honoring one’s parents to honoring Hashem. The Torah states, ‘Each shall revere his mother and father,’ and it also states, ‘You shall fear Hashem, your G-d.’ The Torah thus equates revering one’s parents to fearing Hashem.”
This means that Hashem treated honoring one’s parents so stringently that He actually equated the honor and reverence showed to parents to His own honor and reverence.
The Three Partners in the Formation of Man “The Sages taught: There are three partners in [the formation of] man: Hashem, the father, and the mother (which means that the parents are partners in the formation of the child’s body whereas Hashem provides the soul, eyesight, hearing, and the power of speech). When one honors one’s parents, Hashem says, ‘I consider it as though I have dwelled among you and you have honored Me.’”
The Torah further states (Vayikra 19), “Each man shall revere his mother and father and you shall keep My Shabbat,” to teach us that if one’s father commands him to desecrate the Shabbat, the child may not obey his father, for the father is likewise obligated to honor Hashem who has commanded to observe the holy Shabbat. The same applies to any other Mitzvot in that if one’s parents command him to transgress any of the Torah’s commandments or that of the Sages, one may not obey them, for they are also obligated to keep these commandments.
The Honor of One’s Father Versus the Honor of One’s Mother The Baraita states: “Rabbi [Yehuda HaNassi] says: It is revealed and known before the One Who said and brought the world into existence that a son honors his mother more than his father. Thus, Hashem preceded the Mitzvah to honor one’s father before the Mitzvah to honor one’s mother. It is also revealed and known before the One Who said and brought the world into existence that a son fears his father more than his mother. Thus, Hashem preceded the Mitzvah to revere one’s mother before the Mitzvah to revere one’s father (as the verse states, “Each man shall revere his mother and father”).”
To What Extent Must One Honor His Parents? Rabbi Eliezer was asked, “To what extent must one honor one’s parents?” He answered, “Take a look at what a certain non-Jew from Ashkelon by the name of Dama ben Netina did. Once, the Sages requested a certain stone for the apron (worn by the Kohen Gadol) from him for the sum of 600,000 golden Dinars. The key for the safe where the stones were placed lay under the pillow of his sleeping father. In order not to disturb his father, he did not awaken him. The next year, Hashem rewarded him by making a Red Heifer be born in his flock which he proceeded to sell to the Sages for the same amount that he lost for his father’s honor.”
The Gemara further recounts that once, Dama ben Netina was once adorned with the golden vestments usually worn by Rome’s highest officials and was sitting among some of the most respected citizens of Rome when his mother arrived, tore his clothing, whacked him on the head, and spit at him; yet, he did not humiliate her in return.
The Gemara (ibid. 31b) recounts another incident with Rabbi Tarfon that whenever his mother would need to get onto or off of her bed (which was slightly elevated from the ground), Rabbi Tarfon would kneel in order for her to step on his back (meaning that he would be like her “stool” to get on and off the bed). The Gemara there continues to bring similar incidents that illustrate the importance of honoring one’s parents and to what extent one must do so. Maran Rabbeinu Yosef Karo in his Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De’ah, Chapter 240) introduces the laws of honoring one’s parents by saying, “One must be exceedingly careful regarding honoring and revering one’s parents,” for this is indeed a precious Mitzvah and one can easily fail in its performance. Thus, one must be extremely careful to fulfill this Mitzvah properly.
The severity of disrespecting one’s parents is indeed very grave; more serious that what it may seem to people. The Mekubalim describe lengthy atonement processes for various sins, such as if one swore falsely, which is understandably a great sin, one may atone for this by fasting thirty-seven fasts to atone for his transgression (we are not getting into what one should actually do in this generation that is weaker than previous ones). If one humiliates his father or mother, the Sefer Charedim writes that one must fast sixty fasts in order to atone for this sin. We can clearly see the gravity of the sin of one who is not careful with his parents’ respect. Praiseworthy is one who is careful with this Mitzvah, for the attribute of reward is far greater than the attribute of punishment.
Let us now discuss the custom of Maran zt”l who honored his parents tremendously. He especially honored his mother in a unique manner because he was grateful for the fact that when he toiled in Torah study in his youth, she would take his place working in his father’s store. She would likewise always encourage him to immerse himself in his Torah study. Although they were extremely poor, she would always save some expensive chocolates and other sweets and give them to him after he was done studying Torah. In this way, Maran was encouraged to continue in his quest of Torah knowledge while other children his age went on to work and enjoy the pleasures of this world.
When Maran zt”l was appointed as a judge in the rabbinical court in Petach Tikvah, he was presented with the special rabbinical coat called a “frock”. Maran zt”l made sure to wear this coat for the first time in the presence of his mother so that she should witness his rise to greatness and be proud of her son. Maran would always make sure to visit her at home and gladden her heart. Even after her passing, Maran would mention her admiringly in the introductions to his various works
דין כבוד ומורא אב ואם
מצות כיבוד הורים, נחלקת לשני חלקים. החלק הראשון, הם הדברים השייכים ל"כיבוד" הורים. והחלק השני, הם הדברים השייכים "למורא", כלומר, ליראה מההורים. וכפי שנאמר בתורה, "כבד את אביך ואת אמך", "איש אמו ואביו תראו".
איזהו מורא מההורים? לא יעמוד במקום המיוחד לאביו להתפלל, ולא ישב במקום המיוחד לאביו להסב בביתו, (כגון בראש השולחן), ולא יסתור דברי אביו, לומר מה שאמרת אבא, אינו נכון. ולא מכריע דברי אביו, כגון לומר נראין דברי אבא. (ובהמשך יבוארו הדברים).
יש אומרים, שאסור לאדם לשבת במקומו של אביו, אפילו כאשר אביו אינו נמצא בבית. ויש אומרים שאין להחמיר בדבר, אלא בפני אביו, שאז יש בכך מדת חוצפה וחוסר דרך ארץ, שיושב במקומו של אביו, אבל אם אביו אינו נמצא בבית, מותר לשבת במקומו.
ולהלכה כתב מרן רבינו עובדיה יוסף זצוק"ל, שמעיקר הדין מותר לשבת במקומו של אביו אם אביו אינו נוכח שם. אולם יש להוסיף על כך, שבמקומותינו, שישיבה במקום מיוחד לאביו, וכגון שיש לו כסא מיוחד, נחשבת לחוצפה כלפי האב, וזלזול בכבודו, הרי שאז לכל הדעות אין להקל בזה. משום שזלזול באב אסור בכל אופן.
עד היכן מוראם? כלומר, עד כמה הבן מחוייב לירא מהוריו? היה הבן לבוש בגדים יקרים, ויושב בראש הקהל, ובאו אביו ואמו וקרעו בגדיו והכוהו על ראשו וירקו בפניו, לא יכלים אותם, ויאמר להם מה עשיתם לי? וכדומה, אלא ישתוק ויירא ממלך מלכי המלכים שצוהו בכך. (ודין זה נלמד מן המעשה שנזכר בגמרא והוזכר בהלכה הקודמת עד היכן וכו', פעם אחת היה דמא בן נתינה לבוש בגד של זהב והיה יושב בין גדולי רומי ובאה אמו וקרעתו ממנו וטפחה לו על ראשו וירקה לו בפניו, ולא הכלימה.)
איזהו כבוד הורים? מאכילם ומשקה אותם ומלביש ומכסה וכדומה, ויתן להם הכל בסבר פנים יפות, ואמרו רבותינו, שאפילו אם היה הבן מאכיל את אביו בכל יום אווזים מפוטמות, אבל היה מראה לו פנים זועפות, נענש עליו, כי היחס הטוב והארת הפנים להורים, היא חלק מרכזי ויסודי במצות כיבוד אב ואם.
ועד היכן הוא כבוד אב ואם? אפילו נטלו כיס (ארנק) של זהובים של הבן, והשליכו בפניו לים, לא יכלימם ולא יצער בפניהם ולא יכעוס כנגדם, אלא יקבל גזירת הכתוב וישתוק. ויש אומרים שמכל מקום אם יכול למנוע בעדם להשליך הארנק לים, רשאי לעשות כן, ועל כל פנים יכול אחר כך לתבוע את אביו ואמו לדין, משום שאדם אינו מחויב להפסיד ממון מפני מצות כבוד אב ואם.
ולהלן נבאר בעזרת ה' את החילוקים שיש בין עניני כבוד אב ואם, לעניני מורא אב ואם
The Laws of Honoring and Revering One’s Parents
As was mentioned in the previous Halacha, the Mitzvah of honoring one’s parents includes two different aspects: honoring one’s parents and revering one’s parents. Indeed, the Torah states, “Honor your father and mother” and “Each man shall fear his mother and father.”
What does revering entail? One should not stand in one’s father’s designated place for prayer or sit in his designated seat at home (for instance, at the head of the table). Additionally, one should not contradict one’s father’s words by saying, “Father, what you have said is incorrect” or approve of his words by saying, “My father’s words seem correct.” (This shall be explained further.)
Some say that one may not sit in one’s father’s designated seat even when the father is not home. Others say that this is only a problem when this is done in the father’s presence, for only then is it a display of audacity and a lack of respect by the child sitting in his father’s place. However, if the father is not home, one may sit in his place.
Halachically speaking, Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosef zt”l writes that according to the letter of the law, a child may indeed sit in his father’s designated place if the father is not present. Nevertheless, we must add that in places such like ours where sitting in one’s father’s designated seat is considered disrespectful toward one’s father and his honor, for instance, due to the fact that he has a special chair and the like, according to all opinions one may not be lenient in this matter, for disrespect to one’s father is prohibited in any situation.
To what extent must one revere one’s parents? Even if one was wearing expensive clothing and sitting among important and influential people and his parents arrived, tore his clothing, hit him on the head, and spit at him, one may not humiliate them by exclaiming, “What have you done to me?,” and the like; rather, one must remain silent and fear Hashem, King of all kings, who has commanded one to do so. (This law is derived from the incident recorded by the Gemara, which we have mentioned in the previous Halacha, about how once, Dama ben Netina was bedecked with golden garments and was sitting among honorary Roman noblemen; his mother came, tore his clothing, whacked him on the head, spit in his face, and yet, he did not humiliate her).
What does honoring entail? One must feed his parents, give them to drink, dress them, cover them, and the like. All this should be done with a smiling and radiant countenance, for even if one were to feed one’s parents stuffed ducklings every day while bearing a scowling expression, one will be punished for this. Indeed, cheer and a radiant countenance is an integral part of the Mitzvah of honoring one’s parents
To what extent must one honor one’s parents? Even if a parent takes a wallet full of gold coins belonging to the child and throws it into the sea in front of the child, the child should not humiliate them, distress them, or become angry at them; rather, he should accept this Heavenly decree and remain silent. Some say that if the child has the ability to prevent the parent from throwing the wallet into the sea, he may in fact exercise it. In any event, he may summon the parent to a Bet Din after the fact, for one is not obligated to lose money due to the Mitzvah of honoring one’s parents.
In coming Halachot we shall, G-d willing, explain the differences between honoring and revering one’s parents
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Q & A on Parashat
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
What percentage of the Jewish People died during the plague of darkness? 13:18 – Eighty percent (four-fifths).
Why did the oath that Yosef administered to his brothers apply to Moshe's generation? 13:19 – Yosef made his brothers swear that they would make their children swear.
Why did the Egyptians want to pursue the Jewish People? 14:5 – To regain their wealth.
Where did the Egyptians get animals to pull their chariots? 14:7 – From those Egyptians who feared the word of G-d and kept their animals inside during the plagues.
What does it mean that the Jewish People "took hold of their fathers' craft" (tafsu umnut avotam )? 14:10 – They cried out to G-d.
How did G-d cause the wheels of the Egyptian chariots to fall off? 14:25 – He melted them with fire.
Why were the dead Egyptians cast out of the sea? 14:30 – So that the Jewish People would see the destruction of the Egyptians and be assured of no further pursuit.
To what future time is the verse hinting when it uses the future tense of "Then Moshe and Bnei Yisrael will sing"? 15:1 – Resurrection of the dead during the time of mashiach .
Why are the Egyptians compared to stone, lead, and straw? 15:5 – The wickedest ones floated like straw, dying slowly. The average ones suffered less, sinking like stone. Those still more righteous sunk like lead, dying immediately.
The princes of Edom and Moav had nothing to fear from the Jewish People. Why, then, were they "confused and gripped with trembling"? 15:14 – They felt horrible seeing Israel in a state of glory.
Moshe foretold that he would not enter the Land of Israel. Which word in the parsha indicates this? 15:17 – "T'vi-aimo …" — "Bring them" (and not "bring us").
Why is Miriam referred to as "Aharon's sister" and not as "Moshe's sister"? 15:20 – Aharon put himself at risk for her when she was struck with tzara'at . (See Bamidbar 12:12 )
The Jewish women trusted that G-d would grant the Jewish People a miraculous victory over the Egyptians. How do we see this? 15:20 – They brought musical instruments with them in preparation for the miraculous victory celebration.
Which sections of the Torah did the Jewish People receive at Marah? 15:25 – Shabbat, Red Heifer, Judicial Laws.
When did Bnei Yisrael run out of food? 16:1 – 15th of Iyar.
What lesson in derech eretz concerning the eating of meat is taught in this week's Parsha? 16:8 – One should not eat meat to the point of satiety.
How did non-Jews experience the taste of the manna? 16:21 – The sun melted whatever manna remained in the fields. This flowed into streams from which animals drank. Whoever ate these animals tasted manna.
The Prophet Yirmiyahu showed the Jewish People a jar of manna prepared in the time of Moshe. Why? 16:32 – The people claimed they couldn't study Torah because they were too busy earning a livelihood. Yirmiyahu showed them the manna saying: "If you study Torah, G-d will provide for you just as he provided for your ancestors in the desert."
Which verse in this week's parsha alludes to the plague of blood? 17:5 – "And your staff with which you smote the river…."
Why did Moshe's hands become heavy during the war against Amalek? 17:12 – Because he was remiss in his duty, since he, not Yehoshua, should have led the battle.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
נתינת חטים לפני הצפורים בשבת שירה
בשנה שעברה, דיברנו בענין המובא כאן, וכעת נרחיב עוד את הענין.
שבת שירה
בשבת הקרובה, אנו קוראים בפרשת השבוע את פרשת בשלח. ובפרשת בשלח אנו קוראים את שירת הים, ששרו בני ישראל בצאתם ממצרים. והיא הנקראת "שבת שירה". ויש שנהגו בשבת זו, לתת אוכל, זרעונים וחטים וכדומה, לפני הצפורים, זכר למה שנאמר במדרש, שילדי ישראל האכילו צפורים זרעונים שצמחו באילנות בים סוף, והצפורים הצטרפו לשירת בני ישראל. ומנהג זה הובא בדברי הפוסקים המפורסמים.
איסור האכלת בעלי חיים של הפקר בשבת
והנה על פי פשטם של דברים, נראה כי על פי ההלכה אין לנהוג כן, שכן אסור לאדם להאכיל בשבת בעלי חיים שאין האכלתן מוטלת עליו. ולפיכך, צפורי בר, ושאר חיות הבר, שאין אנו אחראים על מזונותיהם, אסור להאכילן בשבת. ועל כן כתב המגן אברהם, שמנהג זה לתת חטים לפני העופות בשבת שירה, הוא מנהג בטעות, ויש לבטלו. והביא דבריו להלכה במשנה ברורה (סימן שכד ס"ק לא). וכן הזהרנו על כך בשנים קודמות ב"הלכה יומית".
ולפיכך כתבנו, שהרוצה להחזיק במנהג זה בכל זאת, רשאי לעשות כן על ידי הנחת צלוחית זרעונים מערב שבת (לפני כניסת השבת) על אדן החלון וכדומה, והצפורים לבטח יגיעו בבוקר יום השבת לאכול מן הזרעונים, ובכך אין איסור כלל לכל הדעות.
הסיבה שיש להקל בזה במקום מנהג
אולם למעשה, כתב מרן רבינו הגדול שליט"א, בספרו לוית חן (וכן כתב בזה בספרו חזון עובדיה על הלכות שבת ח"ג עמוד כד, ובחלק ד עמוד ער והלאה), שרבים מרבותינו האחרונים העירו על דברי המגן אברהם, שמכיון שנהגו במנהג זה לשם מצוה, מותר לנהוג בו לכתחילה בשבת שירה. והביא שכן כתב בספר תוספת שבת. והאריך קצת בטעמי הדברים.
ועוד הביא דברי הרב בעל ספר "אור פני משה", שכתב שטעם המנהג הוא, משום שבזמן שבית המקדש היה קיים, היתה מצויה שם (בבית המקדש) צנצנת המן, (צנצנת עם מעט מן שירד במדבר להאכיל את בני ישראל), וטעם הדבר היה בכדי שבכל זמן שיראו בני ישראל את אותה הצנצנת, יבאו לידי מדת הבטחון בה', שהוא זן ומפרנס את כל בריותיו, כמו שזן את אבותינו במדבר. ועל כן בזמן הזה, שאין לנו את אותה הצנצנת, כיון שנגנזה בסמוך לחורבן, נוהגים להניח זרעונים לצפורים בשבת שירה, שאנו קוראים בה את פרשת המן, בכדי להראות, שכשם שהצפורים מוצאות את מזונותיהן בלי עמל וטורח, כי הקדוש ברוך הוא דואג להן, כמו כן ישראל הנמשלים לצפורים, אם יפנו את עצמם לעסוק בתורה ובמצוות ויבטחו בה' יתברך, הוא יזמין להם פרנסתם בנחת ובשלוה.
ועוד הביא טעמים נוספים למנהג זה. וסיים לאור דברי האחרונים הללו, שלמעשה הנוהגים להניח זרעונים לפני הצפורים, יש להם על מה שיסמוכו, והנח להם לישראל.
האכלת כלבים של הפקר בשבת עוד הביא מרן הרב שליט"א, מדברי רבינו המאירי ועוד מגדולי הפוסקים שכתבו, לענין האכלת כלב בשבת (והכוונה היא לכלב שאינו שייך לשום אדם, כי אם הוא שייך לו בודאי שעליו להאכילו גם בשבת), שמותר להאכילו בשבת, משום שבהאכלת כלבים יש קצת מצוה, כמו שאמרו בגמרא במסכת שבת (קנה:), שהקפידה התורה על כך שלכלבים יהיה אוכל, שנאמר לענין בשר נבלה, "לכלב תשליכון אותו". ולכן נחשב הדבר כאילו מזונותיו של הכלב מוטלים עלינו, ומצוה לתת לפניו אוכל בשבת. וכן פסק המגן אברהם. (אף על פי שבסתם חיות של הפקר החמיר אפילו בשבת שירה, כמו שכתבנו).
האכלת בעל חיים שאינו מוצא את מזונותיו בשבת
והגאון רבי שלמה זלמן אוירבך זצ"ל הוסיף עוד, שאם רואה אדם בשבת בעל חיים שאין לו מה לאכול, מותר לתת לפניו אוכל בשבת, הואיל ונאמר "ורחמיו על כל מעשיו", ואפילו אם לא עלינו מוטל להאכיל את אותו בעל חיים, מכל מקום אם הוא רעב ואינו מוצא מזון ממקור אחר, מותר לתת לפניו אוכל בשבת.
ולסיכום:אין להאכיל בשבת בעלי חיים שמזונותיהם אינם מוטלים עלינו. כגון עופות וחיות בר. ולכן אין להאכיל צפורי בר בשבת. ולפיכך יש מחמירים שלא להניח זרעונים בשבת שירה לפני הצפורים שיבאו לאכול. אולם הנוהגים להקל בדבר בשבת זו, שקוראים בה פרשת המן ושירת הים, ומכונים במעשיהם לשם שמים, יש להם על מה שיסמוכו. וכמו כן מותר להאכיל בשבת כלב, אפילו שאינו שלו
Placing Seeds in front of Birds on Shabbat Shira
Last year, we have discussed the topic in this Halacha. We shall now revisit it and deal with this matter further.
Shabbat Shira Some have the custom on the Shabbat of this week, which is called Shabbat Shira, to place food, seeds, wheat kernels, and the like in front of birds as a remembrance of what is written in the Midrash that the children of the Jewish nation fed seeds that grew from the trees inside the Red Sea to birds and these birds joined in Israel’s song of praise to Hashem. This custom is quoted in the works of the famous Poskim.
The Prohibition to Feed Ownerless Animals on Shabbat At first glance, it would seem as though this custom is halachically unacceptable, for one may not feed any animal which he is not responsible to feed on Shabbat. It is thus prohibited for one to feed wild birds or animals, which are not his responsibility to feed, on Shabbat. Therefore, the Magen Avraham writes that this custom to feed birds wheat kernels on Shabbat Shira is a mistake and should be nullified. The Mishnah Berura (Chapter 324, Subchapter 31) rules accordingly. We at “Halacha Yomit” have raised this point during past years.
One who nevertheless would like to follow this custom may do so by leaving a plate of seeds on the windowsill or anywhere else from before Shabbat and birds will almost surely arrive on Shabbat morning to partake of these seeds. In this way, there is no prohibition according to all opinions.
The Reason for Leniency when there is a Custom to do so However, Maran Shlit”a writes in his Sefer Livyat Chen (as well as in his Chazon Ovadia Hilchot Shabbat Part 3 which will, G-d willing, soon be published) that the bottom line of this Halacha is that many of the great Acharonim question the words of the Magen Avraham and write that since this custom was enacted as a Mitzvah, one may indeed follow this custom on Shabbat Shira. The Sefer Tosefet Shabbat rules similarly.
Maran Shlit”a also brings the words of the author of the Sefer “Ohr Penei Moshe” who writes that the source for this custom is that in the times that the Bet HaMikdash (Holy Temple) still existed, there was a container of “Manna” (a container which contained a small amount of the Manna which the Jewish nation ate in the desert) was placed in the Bet HaMikdash in order to bring the Jewish people to a high level of trust in Hashem that He feeds and sustains all of His creations just as He sustained our forefathers in the desert, every time they would see this container. Therefore, nowadays when this container is no longer accessible, for it was hidden shortly before the destruction of the Temple, it is customary to place seeds outside for birds to eat on Shabbat Shira, for on this Shabbat we read the Torah portion dealing with the “Manna”; this comes to show that just as birds find their food without toil and burden for Hashem cares for them, so too, if the Jewish people, who are compared to a bird, occupy themselves diligently with Torah and Mitzvot and trust in Hashem Yitbarach, Hashem will provide them with sustenance in an easy and peaceful way.
Maran Shlit”a brings several additional sources for this custom and ends off by saying that based on the words of these Acharonim, those who customarily place seeds outside for birds to eat (even on Shabbat) have on whom to rely.
Feeding Ownerless Dogs on Shabbat Maran Harav Shlit”a continues to quote the words of the Meiri and other great Poskim who write regarding feeding a dog on Shabbat (this refers to a dog which does not belong to anyone, for if it does, the owner is certainly obligated to feed it on Shabbat) that one may feed it on Shabbat, for by doing so, one somewhat fulfills a Mitzvah as the Gemara says in Masechet Shabbat (155b) that the Torah made certain that dogs should have food, as the verse states regarding meat that was not slaughtered properly, “To the dog shall you throw it.” Thus, it is considered as though we are responsible for the dog’s sustenance and it is a Mitzvah to place food before it on Shabbat. The Magen Avraham rules likewise (although he rules stringently regarding feeding other ownerless animals even on Shabbat Shira, as we have written).
Feeding Animals that Cannot Obtain Food on Shabbat Hagaon Harav Shlomo Zalman Auerbachzt”ladds that if one sees an animal on Shabbat that has nothing to eat, one may place food before it on Shabbat as the verse states, “And His mercy is on all of his creations.” Although one may not be responsible to feed this animal, nevertheless, if the animal is hungry and cannot find food anywhere else, one may feed it on Shabbat.
Summary: One may not feed wild animals or fowl that he is not responsible to feed on Shabbat. Thus, one may not feed undomesticated birds on Shabbat. Based on this, there are those who are stringent not to place seeds outside for birds to eat on Shabbat Shira. However, those who are lenient regarding this matter on this Shabbat, the day on which the Torah portions of the “Manna” and the splitting of the sea are read, and do this for the sake Heaven have on whom to rely. Similarly, one may feed a dog on Shabbat even if it is not his
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Q & A on Parashat Bo
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
What was Pharaoh's excuse for not releasing the Jewish children? 10:11 – Since children don't bring sacrifices there was no need for them to go.
How did the locusts in the time of Moshe differ from those in the days of Yoel? 10:14 – The plague brought by Moshe was composed of one species of locust, whereas the plague in the days of Yoel was composed of many species.
How did the first three days of darkness differ from the last three? 10:22 – During the first three days the Egyptians couldn't see. During the last three days they couldn't move.
When the Jews asked the Egyptians for gold and silver vessels, the Egyptians were unable to deny ownership of such vessels. Why? 10:22 – During the plague of darkness the Jews could see and they searched for and found the Egyptians' vessels.
Makat bechorot took place at exactly midnight. Why did Moshe say it would take place at approximately midnight? 11:4 – If Moshe said the plague would begin exactly at midnight, the Egyptians might miscalculate and accuse Moshe of being a fake.
Why did the first-born of the animals die? 11:5 – Because the Egyptians worshiped them as gods, and when G-dpunishes a nation He also punishes its gods.
How did Moshe show respect to Pharaoh when he warned him about the aftermath of the plague of the first-born? 11:8 – Moshe warned that "All these servants of yours will come down to me" when, in fact, it was Pharaoh himself who actually came running to Moshe.
G-d told Moshe "so that My wonders will be multiplied" (11:9 ). What three wonders was G-d referring to? 11:9 – The plague of the first-born, the splitting of the sea, the drowning of the Egyptian soldiers.
Why did G-d command the mitzvah of Rosh Chodesh to Aharon, and not only to Moshe? 12:1 – As reward for his efforts in bringing about the plagues.
Up to what age is an animal fit to be a Pesach offering? 12:5 – One year.
Prior to the Exodus from Egypt, what two mitzvot involving blood did G-dgive to the Jewish People? 12:6 – Circumcision and Korban Pesach.
Rashi gives two explanations of the word "Pasachti ." What are they? 12:13 – "I had mercy" and "I skipped."
Why were the Jews told to stay indoors during makat bechorot? 12:22 – Since it was a night of destruction, it was not safe for anyone to leave the protected premises of his home.
What was Pharaoh screaming as he ran from door to door the night of makat bechorot ? 12:31 – "Where does Moshe live? Where does Aharon live?"
Why did Pharaoh ask Moshe to bless him? 12:32 – So he wouldn't die, for he himself was a first-born.
Why did the Jewish People carry their matzah on their shoulders rather than have their animals carry it? 12:34 – Because the commandment of matzah was dear to them.
Who comprised the erev rav (mixed multitude)? 12:38 – People from other nations who became converts.
What three historical events occurred on the 15th of Nissan, prior to the event of the Exodus from Egypt? 12:41 – The angels came to promise that Sarah would have a son, Yitzchak was born, and the exile of the "covenant between the parts" was decreed.
What is the source of the "milk and honey" found in Eretz Yisrael ? 13:5 – Goat milk, date and fig honey.
The only non-kosher animal whose first-born is redeemed is the donkey. What did the donkeys do to "earn" this distinction? 13:13 – They helped the Jews by carrying silver and gold out of Egypt.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
מהי המשמעות של יום ט"ו בשבט?
יום ט"ו בשבט הוא ראש השנה לאילנות (ראש השנה דף ב.), ומקובל לחשוב, שכשם שביום א' בתשרי שהוא יום ראש השנה, דנים את כל באי עולם, לחיים או למוות, לעושר או לעוני וכדומה, כמו כן ביום ט"ו בשבט, דנים בשמים על האילנות וקובעים מה יהיה גורלם במשך השנה הקרובה.
אלא שבאמת, כתב מרן הרב עובדיה יוסף שליט"א, שהדבר אינו כן, וביום זה לא דנים כלל על האילנות. וכן כתב הגאון רבי אברהם חיים נאה זצ"ל (רב שכונת הבוכרים בירושלים לפני כחמישים שנה), שהמוני העם טועים וחושבים שיום ט"ו בשבט הוא יום הדין לאילנות, וזה אינו, שהרי שנינו במשנה במסכת ראש השנה (דף טז.) שבחג השבועות דנים על פירות האילן, ולא ביום ט"ו בשבט כלל, אלא נראה שהטעם שנקבע יום ט"ו בשבט ליום ראש השנה לאילנות, הוא מפני שאז כבר ירדו רוב גשמי השנה, כמו שאמרו בגמרא במסכת ראש השנה (דף יב.) וכתב שם רש"י, שביום ט"ו בשבט, כבר עברו רוב הגשמים, והשרף עולה באילנות, ונמצאו הפירות חונטין מיום זה. (ופירוש המילה "חונטין" היא מצב שבו הפירות עברו חלק ניכר מתהליך גדילתם, ונחלקו הראשונים בשיעור זה כמה הוא בדיוק.)
ומכל מקום יש לעניין יום ט"ו בשבט משמעות הלכתית רבה לכמה דינים בענייני תרומות ומעשרות וערלה, ורק לשם דוגמא נזכיר אחד מהם.
כתוב בתורה (ויקרא יט. כג.): כי תבאו אל הארץ ונטעתם כל עץ מאכל, שלוש שנים יהיה לכם ערלים, לא יאכל. ופירשו חז"ל: שצריך למנות שלוש שנים מעת נטיעת האילן, ורק אז יהיו הפירות מותרים באכילה, אבל הפירות שגדלו באילן בתוך שלוש השנים הראשונות, הרי הם אסורים בהנאה לעולם.
אולם אין למנות שלוש שנים אלו מיום ליום, דהיינו שלוש שנים ממש, אלא הולכים בהם אחר שנות העולם. כיצד? נטע נטיעה קודם יום ט"ז באב של שנת תשס"א, שיש ארבעים וארבעה ימים עד לראש השנה תשס"ב, עלתה לו שנה לנטיעתם, כי שלושים יום בשנה הראשונה חשובים שנה, ועוד ארבע עשרה יום יש להוסיף לקליטת הנטיעה באדמה, ולפיכך צריך ארבעה וארבעים יום בשנה הראשונה, ומונה עוד שנתיים להשלמת שלושת השנים, דהיינו, שאם נטע את האילן בשנת תשס"א כנ"ל, מונה שנתיים, תשס"ב ותשס"ג, ובשנת תשס"ד הפירות מותרים באכילה. אלא שיום ט"ו בשבט הוא ראש השנה לאילנות, ולכן אף בשנת תשס"ד שהיא השנה הרביעית, הפירות שנמצאים על האילן עד יום ט"ו בשבט תשס"ד אסורים בהנאה, ורק הפירות שגדלו אחרי ט"ו בשבט מותרים באכילה אף בלא הפרשת תרומות ומעשרות (אבל נקראים פירות "נטע רבעי", שמותר לאכלם אחר שיחללו את קדושתם על פרוטה לאחר שיתלשו הפירות, והפודה פירות רבעי מברך: ברוך אתה ה' אמ"ה אקב"ו על פדיון (נטע) רבעי, ולוקח פרוטה שהיא הפחות של מטבע היוצא, כגון עשר אגורות בארץ ישראל, ואומר, כל קדושת הפירות הללו וחומשם מחוללים על שווה פרוטה זה, וטוב שיאמר כן שלוש פעמים, ואחר כך הפירות מותרים באכילה, ואינם חייבים בתרומות ומעשרות.)
ומכל מקום, אף שביום ט"ו בשבט לא דנים ממש מה יעלה בגורלם של האילנות באותה שנה, מכל מקום כתב רבינו יוסף חיים מבבל, שידוע הוא, שיש קבלה ביד חכמי אשכנז ז"ל, שצריך לבקש ביום ט"ו בשבט באופן מיוחד על האתרוג, שיזדמן לישראל אתרוג טוב ויפה בחג הסוכות
What is the Significance of Tu Bishvat?
The Fifteenth day of Shevat is the Rosh Hashanah for trees (Rosh Hashanah 2a). Most people commonly think that just as on the First of Tishrei which is the day of Rosh Hashanah, all creations are judged for life or death, for wealth or poverty, and the like, so too, on Tu Bishvat, the trees are judged in Heaven and their fate for the coming year is decided.
However, Maran Harav Ovadia Yosef Shlit”a writes that this is not the case, for on this day, the trees are not judged at all. Similarly, Hagaon Harav Avraham Chaim Na’ehzt”l (Rabbi of Jerusalem’s Bukharian Quarter approximately fifty years ago) writes that many have a misconception that Tu Bishvat is the Judgment Day for trees when in fact this is not the case, for the Mishnah in Masechet Rosh Hashanah (16a) writes that fruit trees are judged on the holiday of Shavuot, not on Tu Bishvat at all. Nevertheless, it seems that the reason why Tu Bishvat was established as the New Year for trees is because at this point, most of the rainfall of the year has already fallen, as the Gemara in Masechet Rosh Hashanah (12a) and Rashi (ibid.) state that by the day of Tu Bishvat, most of the rainfall has already passed, the sap rises through the tree, and the fruits have reached a noticeable stage of development by this day.
Nevertheless, the day of Tu Bishvat poses certain halachic implications regarding the laws of Terumot and Ma’asrot (tithing of produce) and Orla (fruits grown within three years of the tree being planted which are forbidden to benefit from). Just to illustrate this, let us discuss one such example.
The Torah states (Vayikra 19, 23): “When you shall come to the land and plant any kind of fruit tree, for three years shall it be considered forbidden and may not be eaten.” Our Sages explain that these three years must be counted from the time the tree was planted and only after this point will the fruits become permissible. However, the fruits that have grown on the tree during its first three years since being planted are forbidden forever.
However, these three years are not counted as three exact years; rather, we follow the years of the world. This means that if one planted a tree before the Sixteenth of Av of the year 5761, which is forty-four days before Rosh Hashanah of the year 5762, this counts as one year since being planted, for thirty days of the first year are considered one year and another fourteen days are added to compensate for the time it takes the sapling to take root in the ground; thus, a total of forty-four days is necessary for this to be counted as the first year. One must then count another two years for the completion of the three years, for instance, if one planted the tree in the year 5761, one counts an additional two years, 5762 and 5763, and in the year 5764, the fruits become permitted for consumption. However, since Tu Bishvat is the Rosh Hashanah for trees, thus, although 5764 is the fourth year, any fruits that are on the tree until Tu Bishvat of 5764 are forbidden to benefit from. Only the fruits grown after Tu Bishvat of the year 5764 are permitted for consumption, even without separating Terumot and Ma’asrot (for these fruits are called “Neta Reva’i” and are permitted for consumption after their sanctity has been transferred onto a coin after the fruits have been harvested. The one redeeming the Neta Reva’i fruits recites the blessing: “Baruch Ata Hashem Elokeinu Melech Ha’Olam Asher Kideshanu Bemitzvotav Vetzivanu Al Pidyon Neta Reva’i.” One then takes a “Perutah,” which is a coin of minimal value, such as the ten-Agora coin in Israel and states: “All of the sanctity of these fruits and their fifth is transferred onto this coin which is worth a Perutah.” It is preferable for one to recite this text three times. After performing this procedure, the fruits are permitted for consumption immediately and Terumot and Ma’asrot need not be separated).
Although the actual fate of the trees for that year is not decided on Tu Bishvat, nevertheless, Hagaon Rabbeinu Yosef Haim of Baghdad writes that there is an accepted tradition from Ashkenazi sages that one should recite a special prayer regarding the Etrog (citron) fruit so that the Jewish people will merit obtaining beautiful Etrogim for the Sukkot holiday
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Q & A on Parashat Vaera
All references are to the verses and Rashi’s commentary, unless otherwise stated.
Did G-d ever appear to Avraham and say "I am G-d"? 6:9 – Yes.
What cause did the forefathers have to question G-d? 6:9 — Although G-d swore to give them the land, they never actually had control over it.
How was Moshe commanded to act towards Pharaoh? 6:13 – With the respect due a king.
How long did Levi live? 6:16 – 137 years.
Who was Aharon's wife? Who was her father? Who was her brother? 6:23 – Elisheva, daughter of Aminadav, sister of Nachshon.
Why are Yitro and Yosef both referred to as "Putiel "? 6:25 – Yitro fattened (pitem ) cows for idol worship. Yosef scoffed (pitpet) at his evil inclination.
After which plague did G-d begin to "harden Pharaoh's heart"? 7:3 – After the sixth plague — shechin .
Why did Pharaoh go to the Nile every morning? 7:15 – To relieve himself. Pharaoh pretended to be a god who did not need to attend to his bodily functions. Therefore, he secretly used the Nile for this purpose.
Give two reasons why the blood was chosen as the first plague. (a) 7:17 – Because the Nile was an Egyptian god. (b) 8:17 – Because an invading army first attacks the enemy's water supply, and G-d did the same.
How long did the plague of blood last? 7:25 – Seven days.
Why did the frogs affect Pharaoh's house first? 7:28 – Pharaoh himself advised the enslavement of the Jewish People.
What did Moshe mean when he told Pharaoh that the frogs would be "in you and in your nation"? 7:29 – He warned that the frogs would enter their intestines and croak.
What are "chamarim"? 8:10 – Piles.
Why didn't Moshe strike the dust to initiate the plague of lice? 8:12 – Because the dust protected Moshe by hiding the body of the Egyptian that Moshe killed.
Why were the Egyptian sorcerers unable to bring lice? 8:14 – The Egyptian sorcerers' magic had no power over anything smaller than a barley kernel.
What were the Egyptians likely to do if they saw the Jews slaughtering lambs? 8:22 – Stone the Jews.
Why didn't the wild beasts die as the frogs had? 8:27 – So the Egyptians would not benefit from their hides.
The dever killed "all the cattle of Egypt." Later, boils afflicted their cattle. How can this be? 9:10 – In the plague of dever only the cattle in the fields died. The plague of shechin affected the surviving cattle.
Why did Moshe pray only after leaving the city? 9:29 – Because the city was full of idols.
What was miraculous about the way the hail stopped falling? 9:33 – The hailstones stopped in mid-air and didn't fall to the ground.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
דין נטילת ידיים לסעודה
תקנת נטילת ידיים לסעודה מצוה מדברי סופרים (כלומר, תקנת חכמים) ליטול את הידיים לפני סעודה שאוכל בה פת. ובמשנה במסכת עדיות (פרק ה) שנינו, שנידו את רבי אליעזר בן חנוך שפקפק בטהרת ידיים, ואף שפקפק על תקנת חז"ל מפני קושיות שהיו לו על טעם התקנה, מכל מקום נידו אותו כיון שמצוה לשמוע לדברי חכמים.
טעמי התקנה, טעם ראשון משום "סרך תרומה" וטעם התקנה ליטול ידיים קודם הסעודה, הוא מפני כמה טעמים.
וראשית עלינו להקדים ידיעה פשוטה. כי הנה בזמנינו, כולנו טמאי מתים, משום שכל אחד מאיתנו נכח בימי חייו בחדר שנמצא בו מת, או שנגע באדם אחר שהיה בחדר שנמצא בו מת. אבל בזמן שהיה מצוי ביד עם ישראל אפר פרה אדומה, והיה הדבר אפשרי להטהר מטומאת מת, רבים מאד מעם ישראל היו נזהרים תמיד לשמור על כל כליהם והמאכלים שלהם טהורים. ובפרט הכהנים, שנזהרו שכל מאכליהם יהיו טהורים ולא יגעו בשום טומאה, מפני שהיו הכהנים אוכלים תרומה, וכידוע, תרומה טמאה אסורה באכילה.
ועתה לענין טעמי מצות נטילת ידיים לסעודה. הנה הטעם הראשון לתקנה זו, הוא מפני "סרך תרומה", כלומר, מכיון שהידיים עסקניות הן, ונוגעות בכל דבר, לפני שהיו הכהנים יושבים לאכול בסעודה, (בזמן שהיו נזהרים בטומאה וטהרה כאמור), היו צריכים ליטול את ידיהם, כדי שלא יטמאו את התרומה בנגיעתם. ובכדי שיהיו הכהנים רגילים בתקנה זו, גזרו גם על שאר שבטי ישראל (שאף הם השתדלו לאכול תמיד בטהרה), שכל האוכל פת, יטול ידיו קודם האכילה. וגם בזמנינו שאין הכהנים אוכלים תרומה, לא בטלה התקנה, כדי שיהיו רגילים ישראל כשיבנה בית המקדש במהרה בימינו לאכול בטהרה.
טעם שני, משום נקיות טעם נוסף לנטילת ידיים הוא משום שרצון הקדוש ברוך הוא שנתנהג בנקיות, שנקיות מביאה לידי טהרה, וטהרה מביאה לידי פרישות וקדושה, ולכן תקנו חכמים נטילת ידיים קודם הסעודה, שיתנהג אדם בנקיות, ולא יאכל כשידיו מלוכלכות.
פירוש הבטוי "נטילת ידיים" והמקור ללשון "נטילה" יש בו כמה הסברים, והרשב"א (רבינו שלמה בן אברהם בן אדרת, מרבותינו הראשונים), בתשובה כתב, שלשון נטילה מלשון אנטל, שהוא שם הכלי שמחזיק בתוכו רביעית מים שהוא שיעור המים שצריך לנטילת ידיים. ובעל תוספות יום טוב (רבי יום טוב ליפמן הלר) כתב שנטילה מלשון לקיחה, ליקח המים, וכמו שאנו מברכים, על נטילת לולב. (ילקוט יוסף ח"ג)
The Laws of Washing One’s Hands for a Bread Meal
The Enactment of Washing One’s Hands for a Bread Meal
There is a rabbinic enactment to wash one’s hands before sitting down to eat a bread meal. The Mishnah in Masechet Eduyot (Chapter 5) relates that Rabbi Eliezer ben Chanoch was excommunicated for having raised doubts about the necessity to purify one’s hands. Although he raised doubts about this rabbinic enactment as a result of certain questions he had about the enactment, he was nevertheless excommunicated because there is a Mitzvah to heed the words of our Sages.
The First Reason for this Enactment: “As a Result of Terumah” There are several reasons for the enactment requiring one to wash his hands prior to a bread meal.
Let us first preface this discussion by stating the obvious fact that nowadays we are all impure as a result of coming into contact with corpses, for every single one of us has either been in the same room as a corpse himself or at least touched someone else who has been sometime during his lifetime. However, during the times when the ashes of the Red Heifer were accessible to the Jewish nation and it was therefore still possible to purify one’s self from the impurity of corpses, a large part of the Jewish nation would be careful to always keep their vessels and foods pure. This was especially true regarding the Kohanim who were meticulous that all of their foods stay pure and that no impurity come in contact with them, for the Kohanim would eat Terumah and it is well-known that impure Terumah may not be consumed.
Now, let us return to our discussion about the reasons for washing one’s hands before a bread meal. The first reason for this enactment is “as a result of Terumah,” meaning that since one’s hands are constantly in motion and they touch many objects, before the Kohanim would sit down to eat a meal (during the times when they were careful with the laws of purity and impurity, as we have explained above), they were required to wash their hands so as not to cause impurity to the Terumah by touching it. In order for the Kohanim to become accustomed to this enactment, our Sages decreed on the rest of the Jewish nation (who also tried to always eat their food amid purity) that whoever eats bread must wash his hands first. Even nowadays when Kohanim no longer eat Terumah, this enactment is nevertheless still in effect so that when the Third Bet Hamikdash is rebuilt, may this be speedily in our days, the Jewish nation will be accustomed to eating amid purity.
The Second Reason: Cleanliness An additional reason for washing one’s hands is because Hashem wants us to conduct ourselves with cleanliness, for cleanliness results in purity and purity results in abstinence and sanctity. Thus, our Sages instituted that one wash his hands before a bread meal to conduct one’s self with cleanliness and not to eat when one’s hands are soiled.
The Definition of the Term “Netilat Yadayim” There are several explanations regarding the origin of the word “Netila.” The Rashba (Rabbeinu Shlomo ben Aderet, one of the great Rishonim) writes in one of his responses that the word “Netila” is a derivative of the word “Antal,” which is the name of the vessel which holds a Revi’it (81 cc or approximately 2.7 fluid oz.) of water, which is the amount of water prescribed for Netilat Yadayim. The author of the Tosafot Yom Tov (Hagaon Harav Yom Tov Lipman HaLevi Heller), however, writes that “Netila” is another term for “taking,” i.e. taking the water, just as we bless “Al Netilat Lulav” (“The Taking of the Lulav”). (See Yalkut Yosef, Volume 3)
שאלה: האם מותר לאכול פת לחם בלא נטילת ידים, באופן שהאוכל אינו נוגע בלחם בידיו אלא באמצעות מפית וכדומה?
תשובה:בגמרא במסכת חולין (דף קז:) אמרו, התירו מפה )כלומר התירו אכילת פת על ידי שיעטוף ידיו במפה, בלא נטילת ידים) לאוכלי תרומה (שהכהנים שהיו באים לאכול תרומה בזמן שבית המקדש היה קיים, היו מחוייבים ליטול ידיהם קודם אכילתם, כדי שלא יטמאו את התרומה במגעם, והקילו עליהם חכמים, שאם רצו, אינם מוכרחים ליטול ידיהם, ורשאים לאכול את תרומתם באופן שלא יגעו בה בידיהם אלא בהפסק מפה או כפפות וכדומה) ולא התירו מפה לאוכלי טהרות (שבזמן שבית המקדש היו סתם בני אדם שאינם כהנים, שנוהגים בחסידות ואוכלים את כל מאכליהם בטהרה, כדי שלא יטמאו מאכליהם, וממילא אותם בני אדם הוצרכו גם כן ליטול ידיהם לפני שהיו אוכלים כל דבר, כדי שלא יטמא במגעם, ולאנשים אלו לא הקילו רבותינו לאכול באמצעות מפה בלא נטילת ידים) וטעם הדבר שלא הקילו בזה אלא לכהנים הבאים לאכול תרומה ולא לסתם בני אדם, פירש רש"י, שהוא מפני שהכהנים היו מורגלים מאד כל ימיהם לאכול את כל מאכליהם בטהרה (לפי שאצלם נוגע הדבר לאיסור ממש) ולפיכך אין לחוש שיטעו ויגעו בידיהם במאכליהם, על כן היקלו להם שיאכלו לאכול בלא נטילת ידים באמצעות מפה, מה שאין כן סתם בני אדם, שאינם רגילים וזהירים כל כך לאכול בטהרה (שהרי אצלם אין הדבר נוגע לאיסור ממש וממילא אינם זהירים וזריזים כל כך בזה) יש לחוש שיגעו בטעות בידיהם במאכל, לפיכך אין להקל להם לאכול באמצעות מפה בלא נטילת ידיים.
ולאור האמור, כתבו רבים מרבותינו הראשונים, לעניין נטילת ידיים שבזמנינו קודם אכילת פת לחם, שמכיון שבודאי אין אנו בכלל אותם כהנים שהיו זריזים וזהירים לשמור על מאכליהם בטהרה, ממילא תקנת רבותינו ליטול ידים קודם הסעודה שייכת בכל מקרה, ואין להקל בה על ידי אכילה באמצעות מפית. והעושה כן, לבטל נטילת ידים מכיון שאוכל על ידי מפית, מבטל תקנת חז"ל. וכן פסקו הטור ומרן השלחן ערוך (סימן קסג) ומובן שכל זה שייך גם לענין הבא לאכול דבר שטיבולו במשקה שביארנו בעברשחייב בנטילת ידיים.
ולסיכום:אין להקל לאכול פת לחם בלא נטילת ידים, אפילו אם אינו נוגע בפת בידו, וכגון שאוכל באמצעות מפית וכדומה, שבכל מקרה חייב בנטילת ידים. אלא שעדיין יש אופן שבו הקילו לאדם לאכול פת בלא נטילת ידים, וכמו שנבאר בהלכה הבאה
Question: May one eat bread without washing his hands if one does not touch the bread with his hands directly and instead holds it with a napkin and like?
Answer: The Gemara in Masechet Chullin (107b) states: “The Sages permitted a cloth (i.e. they permitted eating bread without first washing one’s hands by wrapping one’s hands in a cloth) for those eating Terumah (meaning that during the time when the Bet Hamikdash still stood, before eating Terumah, the Kohanim were required to wash their hands first so as not to impurify the Terumah by touching it. Our Sages ruled leniently for them that if they wished, they would not need to wash their hands; rather, they would be permitted to eat their Terumah in a way where they would not touch it directly, i.e. by wrapping their hands in a cloth or by wearing gloves and the like). However, they did not permit a cloth for those eating their food amid purity (for in the times of the Bet Hamikdash, there were pious non-Kohanim who would eat all of their foods amid purity so as not to impurify their foods. These individuals would also need to wash their hands before eating any food so as not to impurify the food by touching it. Our Sages did not provide the leniency of eating without washing one’s hands by using a cloth for such people).” Rashi there explains that the reason why our Sages were lenient in this matter only with regards to Kohanim eating their Terumah and not for any other people is because the Kohanim were quite accustomed to eating all of their foods amid purity all their lives (for with regards to them, this matter could sometimes border on an actual prohibition) and there is therefore no need to be concerned that they will mistakenly touch their food with their hands. Thus, our Sages were lenient and allowed them to eat without first washing their hands with the use of a cloth. On the other hand, regarding other people who were not as accustomed and careful to eat their food amid purity (for this matter never borders on an actual prohibition for them and they are therefore less meticulous in this regard), we must be concerned that they will mistakenly touch the food with their hands. Therefore, there is no room for leniency for them to eat with the use of a cloth without first washing their hands.
Based on this, many Rishonim deduce from here regarding the hand-washing we perform before eating bread that since we can certainly not be included in the category of the Kohanim who were especially careful to keep their foods pure, the rabbinic edict to wash one’s hands before eating a bread meal is applicable in any case and one may not act leniently by eating with the use of a napkin. If one does eat with the use of a napkin in order to circumvent the requirement to wash his hands, he has nullified an edict of our Sages. The Tur and Maran HaShulchan Aruch (Chapter 163) rule likewise. All this applies to one who would like to eat a food dipped in liquid (which requires one to wash his hands before) as well.
Summary: One may not be lenient and eat bread without first washing his hands even if he is not directly touching the bread with his hands, for instance, if he is eating with a napkin and the like; in any case, one is obligated to wash his hands. However, there is one situation where the Sages were lenient and permitted one to eat bread without first washing one’s hands. We shall discuss this, G-d-willing, in the following Halacha
אכילה בלא נטילת ידים
בהלכה הקודמתביארנו שאין להקל לבטל נטילת ידים שקודם אכילת לחם, ואפילו אם אינו נוגע בידיו בפת, כגון שאוחז את הפת באמצעות כפפות או מפית וכדומה, גם כן אין להקל בזה לבטל תקנת רבותינו, והעושה כן מבטל תקנת נטילת ידים. ובסוף דברינוכתבנו שעדין ישנו אופן שבו יש להקל בזה לאכול על ידי מפית, וכמו שנבאר.
בגמרא במסכת פסחים (דף מו) דנו לגבי אדם ההולך בדרך ולא מצויים אצלו מים לנטילת ידים, לאיזה מרחק צריך אותו אדם ללכת בכדי להשיג מים?, וכך אמרו בגמרא: לנטילת ידים (כלומר, מי שאין לו מים לנטילת ידים ורוצה לאכול פת, המרחק שחייב ללכת בכדי להשיג מים) ארבעה מילין (שהם שמונת אלפים אמה, דהיינו קרוב לארבעה קילומטרים) והמרחק מלפניו (כלומר, כשהוא הולך בדרך, הטריחוהו לעכב סעודתו ולהמשיך בדרכו עד מרחק ארבעה מילין, בכדי שיוכל ליטול ידיו) אבל לאחריו, אפילו מיל אין מטריחין אותו (כלומר, אם לפניו בהמשך דרכו לא מצויים מים אפילו במרחק ארבעה מילין, אבל אם יחזור על עקבותיו יוכל להשיג מים, אינו חייב לחזור למרחק רב כל כך, אלא למרחק פחות משיעור מיל, שהוא פחות מקילומטר אחד) אבל אם אין באפשרותו כלל להשיג מים אפילו אם ילך למרחקים אלו, (דבר שעשוי לקרות בטיולים) רשאי לאכול בלי נטילת ידים, באופן שיכרוך ידיו במפה, דהיינו שיעטוף שתי ידיו ממש במפה, או שילבש כפפות, בכדי שלא יטעה ויגע בפת בידו ואז רשאי לאכול. וככל דברי הגמרא הללו פסק מרן השלחן ערוך (סימן קסג) ויש מקילים בזה אף במקום שיש ספק אם ימצא מים אם לאו, שיוכל לאכול בלא נטילה על ידי לבישת כפפות וכדומה וכנ"ל.
ובדין האמור שיש לחזר אחר מים לנטילת ידים מלפניו עד מרחק של ארבעה מילין ומלאחריו עד מרחק של פחות ממיל, יש לשער לפי "זמן הליכה" למקום כזה, ושיעור הליכת ארבעה מילין הוא שבעים ושתים דקות, והליכת מיל אחד אורכת שמונה עשרה דקות. לפיכך אם יש מים במקום מרוחק מאד, אלא שיש בידו להגיע לשם באמצעות כלי רכב, אם יכול להגיע למים שבהמשך דרכו תוך שבעים ושתים דקות או מלאחריו בתוך פחות משמונה עשרה דקות צריך לעשות כן.
ולסיכום: אדם המהלך בדרך ונקלע למצב שאין לו מים לנטילת ידים, כל שיודע שבהמשך דרכו בתוך שבעים ושתים דקות של הליכה או נסיעה יהיו לו מים לנטילת ידים, צריך לעכב סעודתו ולהמתין עד שיגיע למקום המים ויטול ידיו כדין. וכן אם צריך לחזור על עקבותיו אחורנית לצורך השגת מים, כל שידוע לו שתוך שמונה עשרה דקות יהיו לו מים לנטילת ידים חייב לחזור על עקבותיו וליטול ידיו כדין. אבל אם אין לו מים אפילו במרחקים אלו, רשאי לאכול בלא נטילת ידים, באופן שיעטוף את שתי ידיו במפית או בכפפות וכדומה ויאכל לשובע נפשו
Eating without First Washing One’s Hands
In the previous Halacha we have explained that one may not be lenient and nullify the edict of washing one’s hands prior to eating bread; even if one does not touch the bread with his hands directly and merely holds it with gloves or a napkin, one may still not defy this edict. If one does so, he is nullifying the enactment of washing one’s hands. However, we did end off by saying that there still is one situation where one may be lenient and eat bread with the use of a napkin, as we shall now explain.
The Gemara in Masechet Pesachim (46a) discusses a situation where one is travelling and has no water to wash his hands for bread. How far must such a person travel in order to obtain water? The Gemara states: “For washing one’s hands (meaning that if one has no water to wash his hands and would like to eat bread, the distance which he must travel in order to obtain water is) four Mil (which is equivalent to eight-thousand Amot, approximately four kilometers or 2.5 miles) and this distance is before him (i.e. when one is travelling, our Sages required him to postpone his meal and continue traveling forward another four Mil in order for him to be able to wash his hands). However, behind him, they did not even trouble him one Mil (meaning that if there is no water obtainable on his journey forward even within a distance of four Mil, but if he would turn around and travel in the direction he had just come from, he would be able to find water, he need not travel back such a great distance; rather, he would only need to travel back less than one Mil which is less than one kilometer).” However, if one is unable to obtain water even by travelling these distances (which is sometimes the case when one is on a trip), one may eat the bread without washing his hands by wrapping his hands well in a cloth or napkin or by wearing gloves so that he does not mistakenly touch the bread with his hands and it will then be permissible to eat in this way.
Maran HaShulchan Aruch (Chapter 163) rules in accordance with this Gemara. Some are even more lenient and allow one to eat bread without washing his hands by wearing gloves and the like even when it is doubtful whether or not he will be able to find water.
Regarding the above law that in order to search for water for washing one’s hands one must travel four Mil forward and up to a Mil behind him, this must be calculated by the “time it takes to walk” these distances. The time it takes to walk four Mil is seventy-two minutes and the time it takes to walk just under a Mil is eighteen minutes. Thus, if water is available very far away and one is able to get to it by driving there with a car, if one is able to get there within a seventy-two minute journey on his way forward or within an eighteen minute journey of travelling in the opposite direction, one must do so.
Summary: If one is travelling and is in a situation where he has no water for washing his hands, as long as he knows that he will be able to obtain water for washing his hands upon continuing on his journey within seventy-two minutes of either walking or driving (depending on how he is travelling), he must postpone his meal and wait until he arrives at the place where the water is located so that he may wash his hands in accordance with Halacha. Similarly, if one needs to turn around and travel in the opposite direction in order to obtain water, as long as he knows that he will be able to obtain water for washing his hands within eighteen minutes, he must turn around and travel there in order to wash his hands as prescribed by Halacha. However, if one is unable to obtain water even within these distances, one may eat without first washing his hands by wrapping his hands with a napkin or gloves and the like
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Q & A on Parashat Shemot
Why does the verse say "And Yosef was in Egypt?"
"…And they will go up out of the land." Who said this and what did he mean?
Why did Pharaoh specifically choose water as the means of killing the Jewish boys? (Two reasons.)
"She saw that he was good." What did she see "good" about Moshe that was unique?
Which Hebrew men were fighting each other?
Moshe was afraid that the Jewish People were not fit to be redeemed, because some among them committed a certain sin. What sin?
Why did the Midianites drive Yitro's daughters away from the well?
How did Yitro know that Moshe was Yaakov's descendant?
What lesson was Moshe to learn from the fact that the burning bush was not consumed?
What merit did the Jewish People have that warranted G-ds promise to redeem them?
Which expression of redemption would assure the people that Moshe was the true redeemer?
What did the staff turning into a snake symbolize?
Why didn't Moshe want to be the leader?
"And Hashem was angry with Moshe…" What did Moshe lose as a result of this anger?
What was special about Moshe's donkey?
About which plague was Pharaoh warned first?
Why didn't the elders accompany Moshe and Aharon to Pharaoh? How were they punished?
Which tribe did not work as slaves?
Who were the: a) nogsim b) shotrim?
How were the shotrim rewarded for accepting the beatings on behalf of their fellow Jews?
All references are to the verses and Rashis commentary, unless otherwise stated.
1:5 – This verse adds that despite being in Egypt as a ruler, Yosef maintained his righteousness.
1:10 – Pharaoh said it, meaning that the Egyptians would be forced to leave Egypt.
1:10,22 – He hoped to escape Divine retribution, as G-d promised never to flood the entire world. Also, his astrologers saw that the Jewish redeemer's downfall would be through water.
2:2 – When he was born, the house was filled with light.
2:13 – Datan and Aviram.
2:14 – Lashon hara (evil speech).
2:17 – Because a ban had been placed on Yitro for abandoning idol worship.
2:20 – The well water rose towards Moshe.
3:12 – Just as the bush was not consumed, so too Moshe would be protected by G-d.
3:12 – That they were destined to receive the Torah.
3:16,18 – "I surely remembered (pakod pakadeti)."
4:3 – It symbolized that Moshe spoke ill of the Jews by saying that they wouldn't listen to him, just as the original snake sinned through speech.
4:10 – He didn't want to take a position above that of his older brother, Aharon.
4:14 – Moshe lost the privilege of being a kohen.
4:20 – It was used by Avraham for akeidatYitzchak and will be used in the future by mashiach.
4:23 – Death of the firstborn.
5:1 – The elders were accompanying Moshe and Aharon, but they were afraid and one by one they slipped away. Hence, at the giving of the Torah, the elders weren't allowed to ascend with Moshe.
5:5 – The tribe of Levi.
5:6 – a) Egyptian taskmasters; b) Jewish officers.
5:14 – They were chosen to be on the Sanhedrin.
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Halachot from Maran Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Ztz'l
נטילת ידים בחדר בית המרחץ
שאלה:האם מותר ליטול ידים לסעודה בחדר האמבטיא או בבית הכסא?
תשובה:מרן השלחן ערוך (סימן ד) פסק, שהיוצא מבית הכסא צריך נטילת ידים. ומרן החיד"א כתב, שהוא משום רוח רעה השורה על הידים, ושכן מבואר בזוהר הקדוש. ועל פי זה כתב שאפילו אם נכנס לבית הכסא ולא עשה שם צרכיו וגם לא נגע בבשרו, מכל מקום, מיד בכניסתו שורה עליו רוח רעה, וצריך ליטול ידיו.
אלא שבבית המרחץ שלנו (אמבטיה) אין הדין כן, והנכנס לשם אינו צריך ליטול ידיו. ומרן רבינו עובדיה יוסף זצ"ל (הכ"מ) בספרו שו"ת יביע אומר (ח"ג סימן א) הביא ראיות רבות לדבר, ושכן מוכח ממה שאמרו בגמרא במסכת שבת (מא.) שמותר לשתות מהמים שהיו בתוך בית המרחץ. ואילו היה חשש "רוח רעה" בבית המרחץ, לא היו מתירים לשתות שם כלל, שהרי רוח רעה שורה על אוכלין ומשקין שנמצאים שם. אלא ודאי, בבית המרחץ אין רוח רעה כלל. ולכן גם אין מניעה ליטול שם ידים, ולנגבם מחוץ לחדר האמבטיה לאחר שיברך.
ובשו"ת יביע אומר חלק שביעי (סימן כז), הביא מרן רבינו זצ"ל עוד סברא להקל בדבר, שכן חדרי האמבטיה שבזמנינו, אינם מיוחדים רק לרחיצת הגוף, אלא רגילים לעשות שם גם תשמישים אחרים, ומניחים שם דברים למשמרת. ומטעם זה אין זה בגדר מקום ששורה בו רוח רעה. והביא ראיות לדבריו.
וכל זה בחדר אמבטיה שאין שם שירותים. אבל כשיש שם שירותים, אין להתיר ליטול שם ידים, אלא אם כן בשעת הדחק. ואף על פי שיש פוסקים שסוברים שחדרי שירותים של זמנינו אין להם דין בית הכסא משום שהם נקיים תמיד, מכל מקום לכתחילה יש להחמיר בזה, שלא ליטול ידים שם, ורק כשאין לו מקום אחר לנטילת ידים, יכול להקל ליטול ידים אף בבית הכסא, ויברך על נטילת ידים בחוץ לפני הניגוב.
ולסיכום: חדר אמבטיה שאין שם שירותים, מותר ליטול בתוכו ידים. ויברך על הנטילה בצאתו משם לפני שינגב. ואם יש שם שירותים, לא יטול שם את ידיו. ורק בשעת הדחק שאין כשאין אפשרות אחרת, רשאים ליטול שם ידים, הן לסעודה והן לנטילת הבוקר.
Washing One’s Hands in the Restroom
Question: Is it permissible to wash one’s hands (Netilat Yadayim) in the restroom or shower room?
Answer: Maran Ha’Shulchan Aruch (Chapter 4) rules that one who exits the restroom requires Netilat Yadayim. Maran Ha’Chida writes that this is because of the evil spirit which rests on one’s hands. The holy Zohar states likewise. Based on this, he writes that even if one enters the restroom and does not use the facilities or touch concealed parts of one’s body, one must nevertheless wash his hands as a result of the evil spirit which rests on them upon one’s exit from the restroom.
Nevertheless, this law does not apply to shower rooms in our times; one who enters such a room does not need to wash his hands. Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosefzt”l (in his Responsa Yabia Omer, Volume 3, Chapter 1) brings several proofs to support this matter, especially from the fact that the Gemara (Shabbat 41a) allows drinking water that was in a bathhouse. Were there to be a concern of an “evil spirit” in the bathhouse, drinking there would be forbidden for an evil spirit would rest on any food or beverage in the bathhouse. Rather, there must not be any evil spirit in a bathhouse at all. There is therefore no issue with washing one’s hands in a shower room and then to dry them outside the shower room following recitation of the blessing.
In his Responsa Yabia Omer, Volume 7, Chapter 27, Maranzt”l cites another reason for leniency regarding this matter which is that shower rooms nowadays are not designated only for showering and bathing; rather, other things in this room as well as well as the room being used for storage. For this reason, such a room does not retain an evil spirit. He proceeds to support this with several sources.
All of the above applies only to a shower room which does not contain a toilet; however, if it does contain a toilet (in which case it will no longer be called a “shower room” but by its more common name, “bathroom”), one may not act leniently and wash his hands there unless it is a pressing situation. Although some Poskim rule that bathrooms nowadays are not halachically considered “lavatories” because they are constantly kept clean, one must nevertheless act stringently and not performNetilat Yadayim there. Only if one has no other place to wash his hands may one wash them within a bathroom after which one must exit, recite the “Al Netilat Yadayim” blessing, and then dry one’s hands.
Summary: One may wash one hands (Netilat Yadayim) inside a shower room which does not contain a toilet. One should recite the blessing outside of this room before drying one’s hands. If there is a toilet in this room, one should not wash his hands there. Only in a pressing situation where there is no other choice may one wash his hands in a restroom. This applies to both the morning hand-washing and washing one’s hands for a bread meal.
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Please feel free to ask us any questions or requests you may need through this e-mail. We will get back to you, bli neder, asap.
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